{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:11:44Z","timestamp":1791389504307,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postpartum depression affects a significant proportion of women of childbearing age. The birth of a newborn baby is normally considered a joyful event, inhibiting mothers from expressing their depressive feelings. If the condition is not well understood and managed, mothers with postpartum depression are likely to experience suicidal ideation or even commit suicide. This study explored lived experiences of women who had recovered from a clinical diagnosis of postpartum depression in southwestern Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This phenomenological study adopted the explorative approach through in-depth interviews as guided by the biopsychosocial model of depression. It was conducted in Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Bwizibwera Health Centre IV and Kinoni Health Centre IV located in Mbarara and Rwampara districts, southwestern Uganda. Data were collected from 30 postpartum mothers who were purposively selected, between 9th December 2019 and 25th September 2020. We analyzed this work using thematic data analysis and this was steered by the Colaizzi\u2019s six-step phenomenological approach of inquiry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings were summarized into five major themes: 1) somatic experiences including insomnia and headache, breast pain, poor breast milk production, weight loss and lack of energy; 2) difficulties in home and family life including overwhelming domestic chores, lack of social support from other family members, fighting at home and financial constraints due to COVID-19 pandemic; 3) negative emotions including anger, self-blame, despondency and feelings of loneliness and regrets of conceiving or marriage; 4) feelings of suicide, homicide and self-harm including suicidal ideation and attempt, homicidal ideations and attempt and feelings of self-harm and 5) coping with postpartum depression including spirituality, termination of or attempt to leave their marital relationships, acceptance, counselling and seeking medical treatment, perseverance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and recommendations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suicidal and homicidal thoughts are important parts of the postpartum depression experience, and these may put the lives of the mothers, their spouses and their babies at a great risk. Poor relationship quality, intimate partner violence and lack of financial resources contribute significantly to the negative emotional experiences of mothers with PPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04287-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T05:05:44Z","timestamp":1639371944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Lived experiences of Ugandan women who had recovered from a clinical diagnosis of postpartum depression: a phenomenological study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6028-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Atuhaire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey Zari","family":"Rukundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Brennaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Nambile","family":"Cumber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Nambozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-018-0205-3","volume":"17","author":"M Menberu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Menberu M, Mekonen T, Azale T, Ayano G, Yimer S, Getnet A, et al. Health care seeking behavior for depression in Northeast Ethiopia: depression is not considered as illness by more than half of the participants. Ann General Psychiatry. 2018;17(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4287_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30263-2","volume":"4","author":"C Kuehner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuehner C. Why is depression more common among women than among men? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(2):146\u201358.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4287_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90298-8","volume":"173","author":"JB Williams","year":"1995","unstructured":"Williams JB, Spitzer RL, Linzer M, Kroenke K, Hahn SR, deGruy FV, et al. Gender differences in depression in primary care. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173(2):654\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"4287_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117955651988404","DOI":"10.1177\/1179556519884042","volume":"13","author":"S Ladores","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ladores S, Corcoran J. Investigating postpartum depression in the adolescent mother using 3 potential qualitative approaches. Clin Med Insights: Pediatr. 2019;13:1179556519884042.","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights: Pediatr"},{"key":"4287_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atuhaire C, Brennaman L, Cumber SN, Rukundo GZ, Nambozi G. The magnitude of postpartum depression among mothers in Africa: a literature review. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;37:89.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.89.23572"},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217503258352","volume":"33","author":"SE Semenic","year":"2004","unstructured":"Semenic SE, Callister LC, Feldman P. Giving birth: the voices of orthodox Jewish women living in Canada. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004;33(1):80\u20137.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"4287_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.04.021","volume":"66","author":"D Sit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sit D, Luther J, Buysse D, Dills JL, Eng H, Okun M, et al. Suicidal ideation in depressed postpartum women: associations with childhood trauma, sleep disturbance and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;66:95\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4287_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.87","volume":"70","author":"KL Wisner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wisner KL, Sit DK, McShea MC, Rizzo DM, Zoretich RA, Hughes CL, et al. Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(5):490\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"4287_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2014.896442","volume":"54","author":"LJ Thomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thomas LJ, Scharp KM, Paxman CG. Stories of postpartum depression: exploring health constructs and help-seeking in mothers\u2019 talk. Women Health. 2014;54(4):373\u201387.","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-019-0244-4","volume":"18","author":"A Abebe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abebe A, Tesfaw G, Mulat H, Hibdye G. Postpartum depression and associated factors among mothers in Bahir Dar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2019;18(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2006.00007.x","volume":"35","author":"D Goyal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Goyal D, Murphy SO, Cohen J. Immigrant Asian Indian women and postpartum depression. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(1):98\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"4287_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Given LM. The sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Newbury Park: Sage publications; 2008.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412963909"},{"key":"4287_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandler D, Munday R. A dictionary of media and communication. Oxford: OUP Oxford; 2011.","DOI":"10.1093\/acref\/9780199568758.001.0001"},{"key":"4287_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S158621","volume":"10","author":"E Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali E. Women\u2019s experiences with postpartum anxiety disorders: a narrative literature review. Int J Women's Health. 2018;10:237.","journal-title":"Int J Women's Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-359","volume":"14","author":"R Coates","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coates R, Ayers S, de Visser R. Women\u2019s experiences of postnatal distress: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14(1):359.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"4287_CR16","first-page":"6","volume":"18","author":"AA Wardrop","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wardrop AA, Popadiuk NE. Women's experiences with postpartum anxiety: expectations, relationships, and sociocultural influences. Qual Rep. 2013;18:6.","journal-title":"Qual Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"4287_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12645","volume":"27","author":"D Maxwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maxwell D, Robinson SR, Rogers K. \u201cI keep it to myself\u201d: a qualitative meta-interpretive synthesis of experiences of postpartum depression among marginalised women. Health Soc Care Community. 2019;27(3):e23\u201336.","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"4287_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atuhaire C, Rukundo GZ, Nambozi G, Ngonzi J, Atwine D, Cumber SN, et al. Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors among women in Mbarara and Rwampara districts of South-Western Uganda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):503.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03967-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"4287_CR19","first-page":"145","volume":"23","author":"D Polit","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polit D, Beck C. Essentials of nursing research. Ethics. 2012;23(2):145\u201360.","journal-title":"Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4287_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4287_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02766777","volume":"29","author":"EG Guba","year":"1981","unstructured":"Guba EG. Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Ectj. 1981;29(2):75.","journal-title":"Ectj"},{"issue":"2","key":"4287_CR22","first-page":"63","volume":"22","author":"AK Shenton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shenton AK. Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Educ Inf. 2004;22(2):63\u201375.","journal-title":"Educ Inf"},{"key":"4287_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iranpour S, Kheirabadi GR, Esmaillzadeh A, Heidari-Beni M, Maracy MR. Association between sleep quality and postpartum depression. J Res Med Sci. 2016;21:110.","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.193500"},{"issue":"2","key":"4287_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.05.001","volume":"14","author":"JJ Chang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chang JJ, Pien GW, Duntley SP, Macones GA. Sleep deprivation during pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes: is there a relationship? Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(2):107\u201314.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4287_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217505278294","volume":"34","author":"LO Walker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walker LO, Sterling BS, Timmerman GM. Retention of pregnancy-related weight in the early postpartum period: implications for women's health services. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2005;34(4):418\u201327.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"issue":"22","key":"4287_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.8542","volume":"51","author":"E Hoshiyama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoshiyama E, Tatsumoto M, Iwanami H, Saisu A, Watanabe H, Inaba N, et al. Postpartum migraines: a long-term prospective study. Intern Med. 2012;51(22):3119\u201323.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"4287_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1999.3909625.x","volume":"39","author":"DA Marcus","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marcus DA, Scharff L, Turk D. Longitudinal prospective study of headache during pregnancy and postpartum. Headache: J Head Face Pain. 1999;39(9):625\u201332.","journal-title":"Headache: J Head Face Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"4287_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3768","volume":"22","author":"AM Stuebe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stuebe AM, Grewen K, Meltzer-Brody S. Association between maternal mood and oxytocin response to breastfeeding. J Women's Health. 2013;22(4):352\u201361.","journal-title":"J Women's Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4287_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0885-7","volume":"16","author":"CA Feldens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feldens CA, Vitolo MR, Rauber F, Cruz LN, Hilgert JB. Risk factors for discontinuing breastfeeding in southern Brazil: a survival analysis. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16(6):1257\u201365.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4287_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.027","volume":"133","author":"E Nishioka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nishioka E, Haruna M, Ota E, Matsuzaki M, Murayama R, Yoshimura K, et al. A prospective study of the relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum depressive symptoms appearing at 1\u20135 months after delivery. J Affect Disord. 2011;133(3):553\u20139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"4287_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.179697","volume":"97","author":"L Gagliardi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gagliardi L, Petrozzi A, Rusconi F. Symptoms of maternal depression immediately after delivery predict unsuccessful breast feeding. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(4):355\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2012.12.001","volume":"4","author":"C Zubaran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zubaran C, Foresti K. The correlation between breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal postpartum depression in southern Brazil. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2013;4(1):9\u201315.","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Healthc"},{"issue":"6","key":"4287_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.71","volume":"16","author":"SJ Herring","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herring SJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Oken E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman KP, Gillman MW. Association of postpartum depression with weight retention 1 year after childbirth. Obesity. 2008;16(6):1296\u2013301.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"3","key":"4287_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02494.x","volume":"30","author":"CL Lox","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lox CL, Treasure DC. Changes in feeling states following aquatic exercise during pregnancy. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2000;30(3):518\u201327.","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4287_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2015.1021769","volume":"33","author":"R Giallo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giallo R, Seymour M, Dunning M, Cooklin A, Loutzenhiser L, McAuslan P. Factors associated with the course of maternal fatigue across the early postpartum period. J Reproduct Infant Psychol. 2015;33(5):528\u201344.","journal-title":"J Reproduct Infant Psychol"},{"key":"4287_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.032","volume":"246","author":"N Wilson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilson N, Lee JJ, Bei B. Postpartum fatigue and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;246:224\u201333.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"4287_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144131","volume":"10","author":"N Wright","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wright N, Hill J, Pickles A, Sharp H. The specific role of relationship life events in the onset of depression during pregnancy and the postpartum. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144131.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4287_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2019-0764","volume":"43","author":"A Faisal-Cury","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faisal-Cury A, Tabb K, Matijasevich A. Partner relationship quality predicts later postpartum depression independently of the chronicity of depressive symptoms. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;43:12\u201321.","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"4287_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124270","volume":"17","author":"A Yamada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamada A, Isumi A, Fujiwara T. Association between lack of social support from partner or others and postpartum depression among Japanese mothers: a population-based cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):4270.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09123-4","volume":"20","author":"D Gubi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gubi D, Nansubuga E, Wandera SO. Correlates of intimate partner violence among married women in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-020-00310-6","volume":"19","author":"M Necho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Necho M, Belete A, Zenebe Y. The association of intimate partner violence with postpartum depression in women during their first month period of giving delivery in health centers at Dessie town, 2019. Ann General Psychiatry. 2020;19(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Ann General Psychiatry"},{"key":"4287_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426","volume":"11","author":"IS Yim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C. Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:99\u2013137.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"4287_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almasidou ME. Postpartum depression during COVID-19. Eur J Midwifery. 2020;4:19.","DOI":"10.18332\/ejm\/122386"},{"issue":"5","key":"4287_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3926","volume":"22","author":"S Abbasi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abbasi S, Chuang CH, Dagher R, Zhu J, Kjerulff K. Unintended pregnancy and postpartum depression among first-time mothers. J Women's Health. 2013;22(5):412\u20136.","journal-title":"J Women's Health"},{"key":"4287_CR45","unstructured":"Nakku J, Nakasi G, Mirembe F. Postpartum major depression at six weeks in primary health care: prevalence and associated factors. Afr Health Sci. 2006;6(4):207\u201314."},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2594-y","volume":"19","author":"S Shitu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shitu S, Geda B, Dheresa M. Postpartum depression and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in the last twelve months in Ankesha district, Awi zone, North West Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"4287_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.041","volume":"175","author":"M Norhayati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Norhayati M, Hazlina NN, Asrenee A, Emilin WW. Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: a literature review. J Affect Disord. 2015;175:34\u201352.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"4287_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2011.589017","volume":"32","author":"P Gremigni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gremigni P, Mariani L, Marracino V, Tranquilli AL, Turi A. Partner support and postpartum depressive symptoms. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2011;32(3):135\u201340.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4287_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/0954026031000136866","volume":"15","author":"L Burke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burke L. The impact of maternal depression on familial relationships. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2003;15(3):243\u201355.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"4287_CR50","first-page":"606","volume":"7","author":"N Giordano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giordano N, Goracci A, Fagiolini A. Depression and vitamin D deficiency: causality, assessment, and clinical practice implications. Neuropsychiatry. 2017;7(5):606\u201314.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry"},{"issue":"CMRH","key":"4287_CR51","first-page":"S3801","volume":"3","author":"S Doucet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doucet S, Letourneau N. Coping and suicidal ideations in women with symptoms of postpartum depression. Clinical medicine. Reprod Health. 2009;3(CMRH):S3801.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4287_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002003","volume":"13","author":"N Abrahams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abrahams N, Mathews S, Martin LJ, Lombard C, Nannan N, Jewkes R. Gender differences in homicide of neonates, infants, and children under 5 y in South Africa: results from the cross-sectional 2009 National Child Homicide Study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(4):e1002003.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4287_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.033","volume":"200","author":"T Pearlstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C. Postpartum depression. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(4):357\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4287_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"JFS2005132","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2005132","volume":"50","author":"SH Friedman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Friedman SH, Hrouda DR, Holden CE, Noffsinger SG, Resnick PJ. Child murder committed by severely mentally ill mothers: an examination of mothers found not guilty by reason of insanity. J Forens Sci. 2005;50(6):JFS2005132\u20136.","journal-title":"J Forens Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4287_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-013-0335-1","volume":"16","author":"C Healey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Healey C, Morriss R, Henshaw C, Wadoo O, Sajjad A, Scholefield H, et al. Self-harm in postpartum depression and referrals to a perinatal mental health team: an audit study. Arch Women's Mental Health. 2013;16(3):237\u201345.","journal-title":"Arch Women's Mental Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"4287_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.102","volume":"53","author":"P Rahnama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rahnama P, Javidan A, Saberi H, Montazeri A, Tavakkoli S, Pakpour A, et al. Does religious coping and spirituality have a moderating role on depression and anxiety in patients with spinal cord injury? A study from Iran. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(12):870\u20134.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1624-z","volume":"18","author":"T Azale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azale T, Fekadu A, Medhin G, Hanlon C. Coping strategies of women with postpartum depression symptoms in rural Ethiopia: a cross-sectional community study. Bmc Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Bmc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4287_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13584-019-0354-0","volume":"8","author":"M Simhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simhi M, Sarid O, Cwikel J. Preferences for mental health treatment for post-partum depression among new mothers. Israel J Health Policy Res. 2019;8(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Israel J Health Policy Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"4287_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2007.0631","volume":"17","author":"HA O'Mahen","year":"2008","unstructured":"O'Mahen HA, Flynn HA. Preferences and perceived barriers to treatment for depression during the perinatal period. J Women's Health. 2008;17(8):1301\u20139.","journal-title":"J Women's Health"},{"key":"4287_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174550651984404","DOI":"10.1177\/1745506519844044","volume":"15","author":"J Slomian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slomian J, Honvo G, Emonts P, Reginster J-Y, Bruy\u00e8re O. Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: a systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women's Health. 2019;15:1745506519844044.","journal-title":"Women's Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4287_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2013.76.2.150","volume":"76","author":"N Vliegen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vliegen N, Casalin S, Luyten P, Docx R, Lenaerts M, Tang E, et al. Hospitalization-based treatment for postpartum depressed mothers and their babies: rationale, principles, and preliminary follow-up data. Psychiatry. 2013;76(2):150\u201368.","journal-title":"Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04287-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04287-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04287-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T16:14:14Z","timestamp":1676045654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04287-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04287-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Faculty Research Committee (FRC) and Institutional Review Committee (MUST-IRB). After obtaining ethical approval, permission was sought from the hospital Director, Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital and the District Health Officers of Bwizibwera and Kinoni HCIV. The approval letters were then presented to Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (UNCST) for approval and further submitted to the head of department obstetrics and gynecology ward, MRRH, heads of departments, postnatal wards of Bwizibwera and Kinoni health center IVs, plus the Local Councils in Rwampara and Kashari County, Mbarara District.The study further adhered to the following key ethical principles; informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity, voluntary participation, protection of participants from harm, trustworthiness, and transparency. Written informed consent was sought from all the participants and were identified by number and not their names. The findings from this study were stored in a computer secured with a password for purposes of confidentiality.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"826"}}