{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:10:02Z","timestamp":1792631402506,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSH Medical School Hamburg - University of Applied Sciences and Medical University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Empirical evidence shows that 4.6\u20136.3% of all women develop a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and approximately 10\u201315% postpartum depression (PPD) following childbirth. This study explores the relationship between delivery mode and the occurrence of PTSD and PPD, specifically examining four distinct caesarean section (CS) modes: primary on maternal request (Grade 4), medically indicated primary (Grade 3), secondary CS from relative indication (Grade 2) and emergency secondary CS (Grade 1), compared to vaginal and assisted vaginal delivery (AVD). The research aims to understand how these six subcategories of delivery modes impact PPD and PTSD levels. Common predictors, including the need for psychological treatment before childbirth, fear of childbirth, planning of pregnancy, induction of labor, birth debriefing, and lack of social support after childbirth, will be analyzed to determine their association with postpartum mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study was planned and carried out by a research team of the psychology department at the Medical School Hamburg, Germany. Within an online-study (cross-sectional design)\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091223 German speaking women with a baby who did not die before, during or after birth were surveyed once between four weeks and twelve months postpartum via an anonymous online questionnaire on demographic and gynecological data, delivery mode, PTSD (PCL-5) and PPD (EPDS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For both psychiatric disorders, ANOVA revealed significant differences between delivery mode and PPD and PTSD. With weak effects for PPD and medium to strong effects for PTSD. Post-hoc tests showed increased levels of PPD for two CS types (Grade 1, Grade 3) compared to vaginal delivery. For PTSD, secondary CS from relative indication (Grade 2), emergency secondary CS (Grade 1) and assisted vaginal delivery (AVD) were associated with elevated levels of PTSD. Regression analysis revealed delivery mode as a significant predictor of EPDS- (medium effect size) and PCL-5-Score (medium to high effect size).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delivery was considered as the potential traumatic event, and any previous traumas were not documented. Additionally, the categorization of delivery modes relied on subjective reports rather than medical confirmation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study highlights the influence of delivery mode on the mental health of postpartum mothers: different modes influence postpartum disorders in various ways. However, the definition of delivery mode was only stated subjectively and not medically confirmed. Further research should investigate which aspects of the different delivery modes affect maternal mental health and explore how the perception of childbirth may be influenced by specific delivery experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06267-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T04:02:27Z","timestamp":1707364947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Are 6 more accurate than 4? The influence of different modes of delivery on postpartum depression and PTSD"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Franziska Marie Lea","family":"Beck-Hiestermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa Kathrin","family":"Hartung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Richert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Miethe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Wiegand-Grefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"6267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s00129-017-4183-3","volume":"51","author":"A Dorn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorn A, Mautner C. Postpartale Depress Der Gyn\u00e4kologe. 2018;51:94\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00129-017-4183-3","journal-title":"Postpartale Depress Der Gyn\u00e4kologe"},{"issue":"9956","key":"6267_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61276-9","volume":"384","author":"LM Howard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J. Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet (London England). 2014;384(9956):1775\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61276-9","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"6267_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001","volume":"104","author":"S Shorey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shorey S, Chee CYI, Ng ED, Chan YH, Tam S, W. W., Chong YS. Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:235\u201348.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"6267_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2018.11.019","volume":"32","author":"J Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen J, Cross WM, Plummer V, Lam L, Tang S. A systematic review of prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in Chinese immigrant women. Women Birth. 2019;32(6):487\u201392.","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"6267_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article560","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00560","volume":"8","author":"S Dekel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G. Childbirth induced posttraumatic stress syndrome: a systematic review of prevalence and risk factors. Front Psychol. 2017;8:Article560.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"6267_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.10.009","volume":"208","author":"PD Yildiz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:634\u201345.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"6267_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722564","DOI":"10.1080\/17482631.2020.1722564","volume":"15","author":"M Johansson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johansson M, Benderix Y, Svensson I. Mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 lived experiences of postpartum depression and parental stress after childbirth: a qualitative study. Int J Qualitative Stud Health well-being. 2020;15(1):1722564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17482631.2020.1722564","journal-title":"Int J Qualitative Stud Health well-being"},{"key":"6267_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullinger-Naber M, Naber D. (1999). Erfassung der Lebensqualit\u00e4t psychisch Kranker. In Helmchen, H. Herausgeber (1999). Psychiatrie der Gegenwart. Band 2. (S. 235\u2013260). Berlin: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59910-1_7"},{"issue":"4","key":"6267_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1348\/135910706x120627","volume":"12","author":"K Nicholls","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nicholls K, Ayers S. Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder in couples: a qualitative study. Br J Health Psychol. 2007;12(4):491\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/135910706x120627","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6267_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-013-0365-8","volume":"16","author":"JM Onoye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Onoye JM, Shafer LA, Goebert DA, Morland LA, Matsu CR, Hamagami F. Changes in PTSD symptomatology and mental health during pregnancy and postpartum. Archives of Women\u2019s Mental Health. 2013;16(6):453\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-013-0365-8","journal-title":"Archives of Women\u2019s Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6267_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_350_19","volume":"66","author":"MS Bhatia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatia MS. Maternal risk markers of postnatal depression. J Postgrad Med. 2020;66(1):7\u20138.","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"6267_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Furtado M, Van Lieshout RJ, Van Ameringen M et al. (2019). Biological and psychosocial predictors of anxiety worsening in the postpartum period: a longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 2019;250:218\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2019.02.064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.02.064"},{"key":"6267_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aog.0000558972.52268.3d","volume":"133","author":"AI Goodwin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goodwin AI, Welchman CL, Mead J, Hines KN, Quinn KH. Risk factors for the development of antepartum & postpartum depression in patients hospitalized during pregnancy [16D]. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133:46S\u201345S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aog.0000558972.52268.3d","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6267_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.01.042","volume":"249","author":"A Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez A, Rodr\u00edguez-Almagro J, Molina-Alarc\u00f3n M, Infante-Torres N, Manzanares MD, Mart\u00ednez-Galiano JM. Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: associated perinatal factors and quality of life. J Affect Disord. 2019;249:143\u201350.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"6267_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_9_16","volume":"6","author":"M Ghaedrahmati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghaedrahmati M, Kazemi A, Kheirabadi G, Ebrahimi A, Bahrami M. Postpartum depression risk factors: a narrative review. J Edu Health Promot. 2017;6:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_9_16","journal-title":"J Edu Health Promot"},{"issue":"5","key":"6267_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.05.003","volume":"34","author":"R Grekin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grekin R, O\u2019Hara MW. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34(5):389\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.05.003","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"9956","key":"6267_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)61276-9","volume":"384","author":"LM Howard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis C-L, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J. Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. The Lancet. 2014;384(9956):1775\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)61276-9","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"6267_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002706","volume":"46","author":"S Ayers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ayers S, Bond R, Bertullies S, Wijma K. The aetiology of post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a meta-analysis and theoretical framework. Psychol Med. 2016;46(6):1121\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291715002706","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6267_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-012-0301-3","volume":"16","author":"S Garthus-Niegel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garthus-Niegel S, von Soest T, Vollrath ME, Eberhard-Gran M. The impact of subjective birth experiences on post-traumatic stress symptoms: a longitudinal study. Arch Women Ment Health. 2013;16(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-012-0301-3","journal-title":"Arch Women Ment Health"},{"key":"6267_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beck-Hiestermann FML, Gries S, Mehl S et al. (2023). Adverse childbirth experiences - results of an online survey of woman during their first year postpartum, 04 October 2023, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3408649\/v1]","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3408649\/v1"},{"key":"6267_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lobel M, DeLuca RS. Psychosocial sequelae of cesarean delivery: review and analysis of their causes and implications. Social science & medicine (1982), 2007;64(11):2272\u20132284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.028"},{"key":"6267_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.04.016","volume":"97","author":"H Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu H, Ding Y, Ma Y, Xin X, Zhang D. Cesarean section and risk of postpartum depression: a meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2017;97:118\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.04.016","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6267_CR23","first-page":"118","volume":"38","author":"MH Baghianimoghadam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baghianimoghadam MH, Shodjaee zadeh D, Aminian AH. Caesarean section, vaginal delivery and post natal depression. Iran J Publ Health. 2009;38(3):118\u201322.","journal-title":"Iran J Publ Health"},{"key":"6267_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4445-2","volume":"296","author":"XJ Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang XJ, Sun SS. Comparison of maternal and fetal complications in elective and emergency cesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;296:503\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-017-4445-2","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"10","key":"6267_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01963.x","volume":"49","author":"JE Swain","year":"2008","unstructured":"Swain JE, Tasgin E, Mayes LC, Feldman R, Constable RT, Leckman JF. Maternal brain response to own baby-cry is affected by cesarean section delivery. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2008;49(10):1042\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01963.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip"},{"key":"6267_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-016-9823-8","volume":"41","author":"D Schmidt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmidt D, Seehagen S, Hirschfeld G, et al. Repetitive negative thinking and impaired mother\u2013infant bonding: a longitudinal study. Cogn Ther Res. 2017;41:498\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-016-9823-8","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6267_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000204787.83768.0c","volume":"68","author":"FA Carter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carter FA, Frampton CM, Mulder RT. Cesarean section and postpartum depression: a review of the evidence examining the link. Psychosom Med. 2006;68(2):321\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.psy.0000204787.83768.0c","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"6267_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/616759","volume":"2012","author":"A Goker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goker A, Yanikkerem E, Demet MM, Dikayak S, Yildirim Y, Koyuncu FM. Postpartum depression: is mode of delivery a risk factor? ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5402\/2012\/616759","journal-title":"ISRN Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6267_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0923-1","volume":"22","author":"A Faisal-Cury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faisal-Cury A, Menezes PR. Type of delivery is not associated with maternal depression. Arch Women Ment Health. 2019;22(5):631\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-018-0923-1","journal-title":"Arch Women Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6267_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/0167482x.2017.1291623","volume":"39","author":"HW De Klerk","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Klerk HW, Boere E, van Lunsen RH, Bakker JJH. Women\u2019s experiences with vaginal examinations during labor in the Netherlands. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2017;39(2):90\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0167482x.2017.1291623","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6267_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.2005.13.4.17981","volume":"13","author":"J Gamble","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gamble J, Creedy DK. Psychological trauma symptoms of operative birth. Br J Midwifery. 2005;13:218\u201324.","journal-title":"Br J Midwifery"},{"key":"6267_CR32","unstructured":"RCOG. (2010) Good practice 11 classification of urgency of CS \u2013 a continuum of risk. London. RCOG Press, in: NICE-guideline [NG192], Caesarean birth, Published: 31 March 2021 Last updated: 06 September 2023, retrieved from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng192"},{"key":"6267_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","volume":"150","author":"JL Cox","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"6267_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1023895","volume":"123","author":"AM Bergant","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bergant AM, Nguyen T, Heim K, Ulmer H, Dapunt O. Deutschsprachige Fassung und Validierung Der Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1998;123(3):35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-1023895. German language version and validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale.","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"6267_CR35","unstructured":"Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov."},{"key":"6267_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1541-6","volume":"17","author":"A Kr\u00fcger-Gottschalk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger-Gottschalk A, Knaevelsrud C, Rau H, et al. The German version of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): psychometric properties and diagnostic utility. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17:379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-017-1541-6","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"6267_CR37","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers; 1988.","edition":"2"},{"key":"6267_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612","volume":"9","author":"MW O\u2019Hara","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:379\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6267_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1891\/1058-1243.27.1.20","volume":"27","author":"DA Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider DA. Birthing failures: childbirth as a female fault line. J Perinat Educ. 2018;27(1):20\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1058-1243.27.1.20","journal-title":"J Perinat Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"6267_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2039-3017","volume":"227","author":"B H\u00fcner","year":"2023","unstructured":"H\u00fcner B, Schmiedhofer M, Derksen C, Polasik A, Janni W, Reister F, Lippke S. \u201eHelplessness, giving up of any self-responsibility and self-determination - a qualitative evaluation of traumatizing birth experiences in relation to birth mode]. Z f\u00fcr Geburtshilfe Und Neonatologie. 2023;227(3):204\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2039-3017","journal-title":"Z f\u00fcr Geburtshilfe Und Neonatologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"6267_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169132","volume":"12","author":"JE Handelzalts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Handelzalts JE, Peyser W, Krissi A, Levy H, Wiznitzer S, A., Peled Y. Indications for emergency intervention, mode of delivery, and the childbirth experience. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0169132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0169132","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6267_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.022","volume":"155","author":"S Ayers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ayers S, Jessop D, Pike A, Parfitt Y, Ford E. The role of adult attachment style, birth intervention and support in posttraumatic stress after childbirth: a prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2014;155:295\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"6267_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1240639","volume":"69","author":"G Huber","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huber G, Seelbach-G\u00f6bel B. Die postpartale depression \u2013 ist ein screening durch die Geburtsklinik sinnvoll? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2009;69(12):1097\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0029-1240639","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd"},{"key":"6267_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.04.007","volume":"40","author":"J Martini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martini J, Asselmann E, Einsle F, Strehle J, Wittchen HU. A prospective-longitudinal study on the association of anxiety disorders prior to pregnancy and pregnancy- and child-related fears. J Anxiety Disord. 2016;40:58\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.04.007","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"87","key":"6267_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-016-0175-0","volume":"9","author":"C K\u00fchner","year":"2016","unstructured":"K\u00fchner C. Psychiatrische Erkrankungen in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit. Nervenarzt. 2016;9(87):926\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00115-016-0175-0","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"6267_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1194-3","volume":"17","author":"L King","year":"2017","unstructured":"King L, McKenzie-McHarg K, Horsch A. Testing a cognitive model to predict posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-016-1194-3","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"6267_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berg D. Organisation der Geburtshilflichen Versorgung. Gyn\u00e4kologe. 2013;46(80). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00129-012-2998-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00129-012-2998-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"6267_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v11i2.779","volume":"11","author":"P Di Blasio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Blasio P, Miragoli S, Camisasca E, Di Vita AM, Pizzo R, Pipitone L. Emotional distress following childbirth: an intervention to buffer depressive and PTSD symptoms. Europe\u2019s J Psychol. 2015;11(2):214\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5964\/ejop.v11i2.779","journal-title":"Europe\u2019s J Psychol"},{"key":"6267_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e073991","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073991","volume":"383","author":"GM Muraca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muraca GM, Ralph LE, Christensen P, D\u2019Souza R, Geoffrion R, Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Maternal and neonatal trauma during forceps and vacuum delivery must not be overlooked. BMJ. 2023;383:e073991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-073991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"6267_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01564.x","volume":"115","author":"I Wiklund","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wiklund I, Edman G, Ryding EL, Andolf E. Expectation and experiences of childbirth in primiparae with caesarean section. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008;115(3):324\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01564.x","journal-title":"BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"6267_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2068-9","volume":"19","author":"M Nakano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nakano M, Upadhyaya S, Chudal R, et al. Risk factors for impaired maternal bonding when infants are 3 months old: a longitudinal population based study from Japan. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2068-9","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"6267_CR52","unstructured":"Bertelsmann Foundation. Health fact check. Caesarean births \u2013 development and regional distribution. 2015. Retrieved from: https:\/\/faktencheck-gesundheit.de\/fileadmin\/files\/BSt\/Publikationen\/GrauePublikationen\/ GP_Faktencheck_Gesundheit_Kaiserschnitt.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"6267_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2009.00331.x","volume":"36","author":"SJ Robson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robson SJ, Tan WS, Adeyemi A, Dear KB. Estimating the rate of cesarean section by maternal request: anonymous survey of obstetricians in Australia. Birth (Berkeley Calif). 2009;36(3):208\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2009.00331.x","journal-title":"Birth (Berkeley Calif)"},{"issue":"12","key":"6267_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01892.x","volume":"115","author":"CE Turner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turner CE, Young JM, Solomon MJ, Ludlow J, Benness C, Phipps H. Vaginal delivery compared with elective caesarean section: the views of pregnant women and clinicians. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008;115(12):1494\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01892.x","journal-title":"BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"6267_CR55","unstructured":"German Federal Statistics Office. Press Release No. N 009 of February 15, 2023: Nearly one-third of all births in 2021 by cesarean section. 2021. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/DE\/Themen\/Gesellschaft-Umwelt\/Gesundheit\/Krankenhaeuser\/Tabellen\/krankenhausentbindungen-kaiserschnitt.html"},{"key":"6267_CR56","unstructured":"Statista. Number of births by vacuum extraction (suction cup) in Germany from 2004 to 2021. 2021. Retrieved from https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/448735\/umfrage\/anzahl-der-geburten-durch-vakuumextraktion-in-deutschland\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"6267_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051592","volume":"17","author":"E Orovou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orovou E, Dagla M, Iatrakis G, Lykeridou A, Tzavara C, Antoniou E. Correlation between Kind of Cesarean Section and posttraumatic stress disorder in Greek Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17051592","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"6267_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102325","volume":"72","author":"M Halla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Halla M, Mayr H, Pruckner GJ, Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez P. Cutting fertility? Effects of cesarean deliveries on subsequent fertility and maternal labor supply. J Health Econ. 2020;72:102325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102325. Titel anhand dieser DOI in Citavi-Projekt \u00fcbernehmen.","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"issue":"21","key":"6267_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.15553","volume":"314","author":"G Molina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Molina G, Weiser TG, Lipsitz SR, Esquivel MM, Uribe-Leitz T, Azad T, Shah N, Semrau K, Berry WR, Gawande AA, Haynes AB. Relationship between cesarean delivery rate and maternal and neonatal mortality. JAMA. 2015;314(21):2263\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.15553","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6267_CR60","unstructured":"WHO Recommendations Departmental News: Caesarean section rates continue to rise, amid growing inequalities in access - Rising rates suggest increasing numbers of medically unnecessary, potentially harmful procedures. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/16-06-2021-caesarean-section-rates-continue-to-rise-amid-growing-inequalities-in-access"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06267-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06267-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06267-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T04:03:57Z","timestamp":1707365037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06267-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06267-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3471255\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study questionnaire was submitted to the Ethics Committee of the Medical School Hamburg, which decided that no ethics vote was required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"118"}}