{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:12:46Z","timestamp":1785885166091,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The causes of some stillbirths are unclear, and additional work must be done to investigate the risk factors for stillbirths.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To apply the International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) for antepartum stillbirth at a referral center in eastern China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Antepartum stillbirths were grouped according to the cause of death according to the International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) criteria. The main maternal condition at the time of antepartum stillbirth was assigned to each patient.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Antepartum stillbirths were mostly classified as fetal deaths of unspecified cause, antepartum hypoxia. Although more than half of the mothers were without an identified condition at the time of the antepartum stillbirth, where there was a maternal condition associated with perinatal death, maternal medical and surgical conditions and maternal complications during pregnancy were most common. Of all the stillbirths, 51.2% occurred between 28 and 37 weeks of gestation, the main causes of stillbirth at different gestational ages also differed. Autopsy and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) were recommended in all stillbirths, but only 3.6% received autopsy and 10.5% underwent chromosomal microarray analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The ICD-10 is helpful in classifying the causes of stillbirths, but more than half of the stillbirths in our study were unexplained; therefore, additional work must be done. And the ICD-10 score may need to be improved, such as by classifying stillbirths according to gestational age. Autopsy and CMA could help determine the cause of stillbirth, but the acceptance of these methods is currently low.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06313-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T06:02:11Z","timestamp":1708927331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The application of the ICD-10 for antepartum stillbirth patients in a referral centre of Eastern China: a retrospective study from 2015 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chuan-Shou","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Fen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Hui","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"6313_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Geneva, Switzerland:2004."},{"key":"6313_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacDorman MFKS. The Challenge of Fetal Mortality. National Center for Health Statistics 2009: NCHS Data Brief. No 16.","DOI":"10.1037\/e565172009-001"},{"issue":"10018","key":"6313_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00837-5","volume":"387","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, et al. Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030. Lancet. 2016;387(10018):587\u2013603.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6313_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12995","volume":"121","author":"M Aminu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aminu M, Unkels R, Mdegela M, et al. Causes of and factors associated with stillbirth in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review. BJOG. 2014;121:141\u201353.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"6313_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20170567","volume":"6","author":"ST Lakshmi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lakshmi ST, Thankam U, Jagadhamma P, et al. Risk factors for still birth: a hospital based case control study. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017;6(3):970\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6313_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs sustainable development goals. World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"6313_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allanson ER et al. a,b \u00d6 Tun\u00e7alp,b J Gardosi,c,. The WHO application of ICD-10 to deaths during the perinatal period (ICD-PM): results from pilot database testing in South Africa and United Kingdom. BJOG. 2016;123(12):2019\u20132028.","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14244"},{"issue":"7","key":"6313_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55070326","volume":"55","author":"I Irisa Zile","year":"2019","unstructured":"Irisa Zile I, Ebela. Ingrida Rumba-Rozenfelde. Maternal risk factors for Stillbirth: A Registry-based study. Medicina. 2019;55(7):326.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"6313_CR9","unstructured":"National Board of Health and Social Welfare. Socialstyrelsen. Statistik om graviditeter, f\u00f6rlossningar och nyf\u00f6dda. http:\/\/www.socialstyrelsen.se\/statistik\/statistikdatabas\/graviditeter-forlossningarochnyfodda Accessed 2 April 2018."},{"key":"6313_CR10","volume-title":"Every newborn: an action plan to end preventable deaths","author":"WHO","year":"2014","unstructured":"WHO, UNICEF. Every newborn: an action plan to end preventable deaths. Geneva: WHO; 2014."},{"issue":"5","key":"6313_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13126","volume":"96","author":"M Aminu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aminu M, Bar-Zeev S, van den Broek N. Cause of and factors associated with stillbirth: a systematic review of classification systems. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96(5):519\u201328.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"6313_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14971","volume":"125","author":"HE Reinebrant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reinebrant HE, Leisher SH, Coory M, et al. Making stillbirths visible: a systematic review of globally reported causes of stillbirth. BJOG. 2018;125:212\u201324.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"6313_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1040-7","volume":"16","author":"SH Leisher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leisher SH, Teoh Z, Reinebrant H, et al. Classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009\u20132014: an assessment of alignment with characteristics for an effective global system. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:269.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"6313_CR14","volume-title":"The WHO application of ICD-10 to deaths during the perinatal period: ICD-PM","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The WHO application of ICD-10 to deaths during the perinatal period: ICD-PM. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"6313_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68586-3","volume":"367","author":"CLJ Stanton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stanton CLJ, Rahman H, et al. Stillbirth rates: delivering estimates in 190 countries. Lancet. 2006;367:1487\u201394.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6313_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01171-X","volume":"38710018","author":"J Kiguli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kiguli J, Munabi IG, Ssegujja E, et al. Stillbirths in sub-saharan Africa: unspoken grief. Lancet. 2016;38710018:e16\u2013e8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"6313_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00275-2","volume":"4","author":"H Blencowe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blencowe H, Cousens S, Jassir FB, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(2):98\u2013108.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6313_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03220.x","volume":"119","author":"M Saucedo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saucedo M, Deneux-Tharaux C, Bouvier-Colle MH. Understanding regional differences in maternal mortality: a national case-control study in France. BJOG. 2012;119(5):573\u201381.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"6313_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-11-35","volume":"11","author":"H Pilkington","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pilkington H, Blondel B, Drewniak N, Zeitlin J. Choice in maternity care: associations with unit supply, geographic accessibility and user characteristics. Int J Health Geogr. 2012;11:35.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"6313_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2014.04.003","volume":"53","author":"L-C Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu L-C, Wang Y-C, Yu M-H, et al. Major risk factors for stillbirth in different trimesters of pregnancy\u2014A systematic review. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;53:141\u20135.","journal-title":"Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6313_CR21","unstructured":"Surviving the first day. State of the world\u2019s mothers 2013. Westport and London: Save the Children.2013.https:\/\/www.savethechildren.org\/content\/dam\/usa\/reports\/advocacy\/sowm\/sowm-2013.pdf. Accessed 1 Sep 2018."},{"key":"6313_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h3080","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3080","volume":"350","author":"K Lamont","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lamont K, Scott NW, Jones GT, et al. Risk of recurrent stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350:h3080.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6313_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flenady V, Koopmans L, Middleton P, Fr\u00f8en JF, Smith GC, Gibbons K, Coory M, Gordon A, Ellwood D, McIntyre HD, Fretts R, Ezzati M. Major risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011;377(9774):1331-40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62233-7. PMID: 21496916.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62233-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"6313_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.18.270","volume":"52","author":"N Mahesh Bhusal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahesh Bhusal N, Gautam A, Lim, et al. Factors Associated with Stillbirth among pregnant women in Nepal. J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(3):154\u201360.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"issue":"9778","key":"6313_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60064-0","volume":"377","author":"V Flenady","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flenady V, Middleton P, Smith GC, et al. The Lancet\u2019s Stillbirths Series steering committee. Stillbirths: the way forward in high-income countries. Lancet (London England). 2011;377(9778):1703\u201317.","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"6313_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12278","volume":"93","author":"H Stormdal Bring","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stormdal Bring H, Hulth\u00e9n Varli IA, Kublickas M, Papadogiannakis N, Pettersson K. Causes of stillbirth at different gestational ages in singleton pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(1):86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.12278. Epub 2013 Nov 7. PMID: 24117104.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"6313_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001937","volume":"129","author":"M Jessica","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jessica M, Page L, Christiansen-Lindquist V, Thorsten, et al. Diagnostic tests for evaluation of Stillbirth: results from the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(4):699\u2013706.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6313_CR28","first-page":"10","volume":"35","author":"R Pradhan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pradhan R, Mondal S, Adhya S, Raychaudhuri G. Perinatal autopsy: a study from India. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 2013;35:10\u20133.","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6313_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14600","volume":"125","author":"C Lewis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewis C, Hill M, Arthurs OJ, Hutchinson C, Chitty LS, Sebire NJ. Factors affecting uptake of postmortem examination in the prenatal, perinatal and paediatric setting. BJOG. 2018;125(2):172\u201381.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"6313_CR30","first-page":"2018","volume-title":"The infant mortality and morbidity studies","author":"E Draper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Draper E, Gallimore I, Kurinczuk J, et al. MBRRACE-UK perinatal mortality surveillance report. UK perinatal deaths for births from January to December 2016. The infant mortality and morbidity studies. Leicester: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester; 2018. p. 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"6313_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2261-3","volume":"19","author":"M Priscille Sauvegrain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Priscille Sauvegrain M, Carayol Aur\u00e9lie, Piedvache, et al. Low autopsy acceptance after stillbirth in a disadvantaged French district: a mixed methods study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):117.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"6313_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12799","volume":"59","author":"C Lehner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehner C, Harry A, Pelecanos A, et al. The feasibility of a clinical audit tool to investigate stillbirth in Australia-a single centre experience. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;59(1):59\u201365.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"6313_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e32835e0f26","volume":"25","author":"E McPherson","year":"2013","unstructured":"McPherson E. Discovering the cause of stillbirth. Curr Opin Obst Gynecol. 2013;25:152\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obst Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6313_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20198","volume":"53","author":"RJ Martinez-Portilla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martinez-Portilla RJ, Pauta M, Hawkins-Villarreal A, et al. Added value of chromosomal microarray analysis over conventional karyotyping in stillbirth work-up: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;53(5):590\u20137.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6313_CR35","first-page":"17","volume":"22","author":"J Shobana Kubendran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shobana Kubendran J, Duong F, Dong, et al. Implementing a protocol to optimize detection of chromosome abnormalities in cases of miscarriage or stillbirth at a Midwestern Teaching Hospital. Perm J. 2018;22:17\u2013204.","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"issue":"12","key":"6313_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908753","volume":"383","author":"E Kate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kate E, Stanley J, Giordano V, Thorsten, et al. Causal genetic variants in Stillbirth. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(12):1107\u201316.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06313-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06313-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06313-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T22:08:29Z","timestamp":1709244509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06313-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06313-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no financial or nonfinancial conflicts of interest related to the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board of Changzhou Women and Children\u2019s Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University on June 1, 2017 (2017003), and was unanimously approved. Ethical Approval Statement: The Institutional Review Board (Ethics Committee of Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital) has reviewed this study project and unanimously approved the conduct of this study (details as per supplementary file). Due to the retrospective nature of this analysis and the fact that the data was part of routine clinical care, informed consent for participants included was waived by the ethics committee on condition that all data were anonymized.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Supporting information"}}],"article-number":"164"}}