{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:46:12Z","timestamp":1793321172236,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Czech Health Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NU20-01-00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU20-01-00067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Czech Health Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NU20-01-00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU20-01-00067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Czech Health Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NU20-01-00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU20-01-00067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Czech Health Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NU20-01-00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU20-01-00067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Czech Health Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NU20-01-00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU20-01-00067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Research of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Research of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal diabetes adversely affects fetal cardiovascular system development. Previous studies have reported that the fetuses of mothers with diabetes exhibit both structural and functional changes; nevertheless, prior studies have not examined the association between glucose control and fetal cardiac morphology and performance. Thus, the objective was to determine the association between fetal cardiac morphology and function and maternal glucose control in type 1 diabetes and to compare the differences in measured cardiac parameters between the fetuses of mothers with diabetes and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective, longitudinal case-control study \u2014 including 62 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 30 healthy pregnant women \u2014 fetal cardiac assessment using B-mode, M-mode, and spectral pulsed-wave Doppler was performed in the second and third trimesters. In women with T1DM, glycated hemoglobin and data obtained from glucose sensors \u2014 including the percentage of time in, below, and above the range (TIR, TBR, and TAR, respectively), and coefficient of variation (CV) \u2014 were analyzed across three time periods: the last menstrual period to 13 (V1), 14\u201322 (V2), and 23\u201332 weeks (V3) of gestation. Fetal cardiac indices were compared between groups, and the correlation between glucose control and fetal cardiac indices was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 28\u201332 weeks, the fetuses of women with T1DM exhibited increased left ventricular end-diastolic length, relative interventricular septum thickness, right ventricular cardiac output, and pulmonary valve peak systolic velocity compared with healthy controls. At 18\u201322 weeks, pulmonary and aortic valve diameters, left and right ventricular stroke volumes, and left cardiac output inversely correlated with the CV and glycated hemoglobin levels at V1 and V2. Furthermore, at 28\u201332 weeks, pulmonary and aortic valve diameters, left ventricular stroke volume, cardiac output, and right\/left atrioventricular valve ratio inversely correlated with the TBR at V1, V2, and V3. Moreover, diastolic functional parameters correlated with the TAR and glycated hemoglobin levels, particularly after the first trimester.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In women with T1DM, maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy correlates with fetal diastolic function, whereas glucose variability and hypoglycemia inversely correlate with fetal left ventricular systolic function in the second and third trimesters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06462-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T06:02:23Z","timestamp":1712815343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Glucose control during pregnancy in patients with type 1 diabetes correlates with fetal hemodynamics: a prospective longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Patrik","family":"Simjak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Anderlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Smetanov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Kr\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Mr\u00e1z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Haluz\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"6462_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000221","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000221","volume":"4","author":"HE Fadl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fadl HE, Simmons D. Trends in diabetes in pregnancy in Sweden 1998\u20132012. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2016;4:e000221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000221","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"6462_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009494","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009494","volume":"6","author":"SJ Coton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coton SJ, Nazareth I, Petersen I. A cohort study of trends in the prevalence of pregestational diabetes in pregnancy recorded in UK general practice between 1995 and 2012. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e009494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009494","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6462_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22148","volume":"57","author":"L Yovera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yovera L, Zaharia M, Jachymski T, Velicu-Scraba O, Coronel C, de Paco Matallana C, et al. Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on fetal cardiac morphology and function: Cohort comparison of second- and third-trimester fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021;57:607\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.22148","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6462_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20187","volume":"54","author":"O Patey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patey O, Carvalho JS, Thilaganathan B. Perinatal changes in fetal cardiac geometry and function in diabetic pregnancy at term. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;54:634\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.20187","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6462_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2020.0085","volume":"22","author":"K Castorino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castorino K, Polsky S, O\u2019malley G, Levister C, Nelson K, Farfan C, et al. Performance of the Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitoring system in pregnant women with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020;22:943\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2020.0085","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"6462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0386","volume":"20","author":"EM Scott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scott EM, Bilous RW, Kautzky-Willer A. Accuracy, user acceptability, and safety evaluation for the FreeStyle Libre Flash glucose monitoring system when used by pregnant women with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018;20:180\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2017.0386","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"6462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32400-5","volume":"390","author":"DS Feig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feig DS, Donovan LE, Corcoy R, Murphy KE, Amiel SA, Hunt KF, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390:2347\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32400-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9987646","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9987646","volume":"2021","author":"L Tartaglione","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tartaglione L, di Stasio E, Sirico A, Di Leo M, Caputo S, Rizzi A, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in women with normal OGTT in pregnancy. J Diabetes Res. 2021;2021:9987646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9987646","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"6462_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-017-1600-2","volume":"38","author":"M Atiq","year":"2017","unstructured":"Atiq M, Ikram A, Hussain BM, Saleem B. Assessment of cardiac function in fetuses of gestational diabetic mothers during the second trimester. Pediatr Cardiol. 2017;38:941\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00246-017-1600-2","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"6462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2015.988141","volume":"13","author":"LB Pauliks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pauliks LB. The effect of pregestational diabetes on fetal heart function. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2015;13:67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14779072.2015.988141","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"6462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621680","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.621680","volume":"12","author":"A Tumminia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tumminia A, Scalisi NM, Milluzzo A, Ettore G, Vigneri R, Sciacca L. Maternal diabetes impairs insulin and IGF-1 receptor expression and signaling in human placenta. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:621680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.621680","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"6462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0309","volume":"228","author":"SS Jonker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jonker SS, Louey S. Endocrine and other physiologic modulators of perinatal cardiomyocyte endowment. J Endocrinol. 2016;228:R1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-15-0309","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"6462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2011.00811.x","volume":"13","author":"MM El-Ganzoury","year":"2012","unstructured":"El-Ganzoury MM, El-Masry SA, El-Farrash RA, Anwar M, Abd Ellatife RZ. Infants of diabetic mothers: echocardiographic measurements and cord blood IGF-I and IGFBP-1. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13:189\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2011.00811.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i8.1233","volume":"12","author":"M Al-Biltagi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Biltagi M, Razaky O, El, Amrousy D, El. Cardiac changes in infants of diabetic mothers. World J Diabetes. 2021;12:1233\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v12.i8.1233","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-013-0925-y","volume":"8","author":"S Pisaneschi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pisaneschi S, Boldrini A, Genazzani AR, Coceani F, Simoncini T. Feto-placental vascular dysfunction as a prenatal determinant of adult cardiovascular disease. Intern Emerg Med. 2013;8:S41\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-013-0925-y","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"6462_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22163","volume":"57","author":"AL Depla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Depla AL, De Wit L, Steenhuis TJ, Slieker MG, Voormolen DN, Scheffer PG, et al. Effect of maternal diabetes on fetal heart function on echocardiography: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021;57:539\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.22163","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.019","volume":"223","author":"J Aguilera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aguilera J, Semmler J, Coronel C, Georgiopoulos G, Simpson J, Nicolaides KH, et al. Paired maternal and fetal cardiac functional measurements in women with gestational diabetes mellitus at 35\u201336 weeks\u2019 gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223:e5741\u201357415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.11.003","volume":"232","author":"A Sirico","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sirico A, Sarno L, Zullo F, Martinelli P, Maruotti GM. Pregestational diabetes and fetal heart rate in the first trimester of pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;232:30\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.11.003","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6462_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1499-7265","volume":"44","author":"A Sirico","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sirico A, Raffone A, Maruotti GM, Travaglino A, Paciullo C, Diterlizzi A, et al. Third trimester myocardial performance index in fetuses from women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Ultraschall Med. 2023;44(2):e99\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1499-7265","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med"},{"key":"6462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.11.007","volume":"31","author":"JO Miranda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miranda JO, Cerqueira RJ, Ramalho C, Areias JC, Henriques-Coelho T. Fetal cardiac function in maternal diabetes: a conventional and speckle-tracking echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31:333\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2017.11.007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"6462_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.743521","volume":"26","author":"UM Fouda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fouda UM, Abou Elkassem MM, Hefny SM, Fouda RM, Hashem AT. Role of fetal echocardiography in the evaluation of structure and function of fetal heart in diabetic pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;26:571\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2012.743521","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"6462_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26645","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026645","volume":"100","author":"Q Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou Q, Yan F, Dong X, Liu H, Wu J, Li J, et al. Assessment of fetal cardiac diastolic function of gestational diabetes mellitus using dual-gate doppler. Med (Baltim). 2021;100:e26645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000026645","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"6462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15649","volume":"40","author":"D Menekse Beser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Menekse Beser D, Oluklu D, Uyan Hendem D, Yildirim M, Turgut E, Sahin D. Effect of glycemic control on fetal hearts of pregestational diabetic women by tissue doppler and M-mode imaging. Echocardiography. 2023;40:822\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/echo.15649","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"6462_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000073191","volume":"56","author":"SF Wong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wong SF, Chan FY, Cincotta RB, McIntyre HD, Oats JJN. Cardiac function in fetuses of poorly-controlled pre-gestational diabetic pregnancies \u2013 a pilot study. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2003;56:113\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000073191","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"6462_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6661(200001\/02)9:1<29::AID-MFM7>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"9","author":"BM Rosenn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosenn BM, Miodovnik M. Glycemic control in the diabetic pregnancy: is tighter always better? J Matern Fetal Med. 2000;9:26\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6661(200001\/02)9:1%3C29::AID-MFM7%3E3.0.CO;2-Z","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"6462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348309155801","volume":"62","author":"M Stangenberg","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stangenberg M, Persson B, St\u00e5nge L, Carlstr\u00f6m K. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia in pregnant diabetics. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1983;62:249\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016348309155801","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"6462_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/s0143-4004(03)00128-0","volume":"24","author":"IM Evers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Evers IM, Nikkels PGJ, Sikkema JM, Visser GHA. Placental pathology in women with type 1 diabetes and in a control group with normal and large-for-gestational-age infants. Placenta. 2003;24:819\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0143-4004(03)00128-0","journal-title":"Placenta"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06462-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06462-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06462-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T06:05:16Z","timestamp":1712815516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06462-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06462-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3634911\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in the accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Human Ethics Review Board of the First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic (Reference: 24\/19 Grant AZV VES 2020 VFN). Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"264"}}