{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:52:25Z","timestamp":1792119145018,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Preterm birth is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The burden of prematurity underscores the need for effective risk reduction strategies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of progesterone therapy, both intramuscular\u00a017-\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone caproate\u00a0(IM 17-OHPC) and vaginal progesterone, in the prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). The co-primary outcomes included: recurrent spontaneous PTB\u2009&lt;\u200937 and\u2009&lt;\u200934\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included 637 pregnant patients that delivered at any of the three hospitals within the Los Angeles County healthcare system between October 2015 and June 2021. We compared frequencies of measured variables between each of the progesterone treated groups to no treatment using Pearson chi-squared tests and independent t-tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. We estimated crude and adjusted associations between each specific treatment (versus no treatment) and primary outcomes using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Recurrent sPTB\u2009&lt;\u200937\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation occurred in 22.3% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200964) of those in the no treatment group, 29.1% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200986, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.077) in the 17-OHPC group, and 14.3% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.325) in the vaginal progesterone group. Recurrent sPTB\u2009&lt;\u200934\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation was 6.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200919) in the no treatment group, 11.8% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200935, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.043) in the 17-OHPC group, and 7.1% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091) in the vaginal progesterone group. Among all participants, neither 17-OHPC nor vaginal progesterone was\u00a0significantly associated with a reduction in\u00a0recurrent sPTB at any time point. Among those with a short cervix, IM 17-OHPC was positively associated with recurrent sPTB\u2009&lt;\u200937\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation (aOR 5.61; 95% CI 1.16, 42.9).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Progesterone therapy of any type did not reduce the risk of recurrent sPTB\u2009&lt;\u200934 or\u2009&lt;\u200937\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation compared to no progesterone therapy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06471-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T07:01:56Z","timestamp":1712559716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Progesterone therapy for prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth in a minority patient population: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1661-8118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genevieve R.","family":"Mazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Ponzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria K.","family":"Cortessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Sasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"6471_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"430","author":"JA Martin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martin JA, Osterman M. Exploring the decline in the singleton preterm birth rate in the United States, 2019\u20132020. NCHS Data Brief. 2021;430:1\u20138.","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"6","key":"6471_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2010.09.005","volume":"34","author":"LE Simmons","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simmons LE, Rubens CE, Darmstadt GL, Gravett MG. Preventing preterm birth and neonatal mortality: exploring the epidemiology, causes, and interventions. Semin Perinatol. 2010;34(6):408\u201315.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6471_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.01.004","volume":"215","author":"TA Manuck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manuck TA, Rice MM, Bailit JL, Grobman WA, Reddy UM, Wapner RJ, et al. Preterm neonatal morbidity and mortality by gestational age: a contemporary cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(1):103-e1- e14.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6471_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.23580","volume":"327","author":"EF Bell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bell EF, Hintz SR, Hansen NI, Bann CM, Wyckoff MH, DeMauro SB, et al. Mortality, in-hospital morbidity, care practices, and 2-year outcomes for extremely preterm infants in the US, 2013\u20132018. JAMA. 2022;327(3):248\u201363.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6471_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Osterman MJK. Births: Provisional data for 2020. Vital Statistics Rapid Release; no 12. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. May 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc:104993","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:104993"},{"key":"6471_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee. Electronic address pso. SMFM Statement: Use of 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate for prevention of recurrent preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(1):B16-B8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.04.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"6471_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.045","volume":"224","author":"DB Nelson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nelson DB, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. A chronicle of the 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate story to prevent recurrent preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224(2):175\u201386.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"24","key":"6471_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035140","volume":"348","author":"PJ Meis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meis PJ, Klebanoff M, Thom E, Dombrowski MP, Sibai B, Moawad AH, et al. Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(24):2379\u201385.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6471_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3400227","volume":"37","author":"SC Blackwell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blackwell SC, Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Biggio JR Jr, Chauhan SP, Hughes BL, Louis JM, et al. 17-OHPC to prevent recurrent preterm birth in singleton gestations (PROLONG Study): a multicenter, international randomized double-blind trial. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(2):127\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6471_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.41","volume":"188","author":"EB da Fonseca","year":"2003","unstructured":"da Fonseca EB, Bittar RE, Carvalho MH, Zugaib M. Prophylactic administration of progesterone by vaginal suppository to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women at increased risk: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188(2):419\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6471_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004479","volume":"138","author":"Prediction and Prevention of Spontaneous Preterm Birth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prediction and Prevention of Spontaneous Preterm Birth. ACOG practice bulletin, number 234. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;138(2):e65\u201390.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6471_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12940","volume":"147","author":"R Fernandez-Macias","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandez-Macias R, Martinez-Portilla RJ, Cerrillos L, Figueras F, Palacio M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate versus placebo for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;147(2):156\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"6","key":"6471_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.025","volume":"216","author":"DB Nelson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nelson DB, McIntire DD, McDonald J, Gard J, Turrichi P, Leveno KJ. 17-alpha Hydroxyprogesterone caproate did not reduce the rate of recurrent preterm birth in a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(6):600-e1- e9.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6471_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100219","volume":"2","author":"K Massa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Massa K, Childress K, Vricella LK, Boerrigter A, Franklin BHK, Sauer M, et al. Pregnancy duration with use of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in a retrospective cohort at high risk of recurrent preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(4):100219.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"10280","key":"6471_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00217-8","volume":"397","author":"Group E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Group E. Evaluating Progestogens for Preventing Preterm birth International Collaborative (EPPPIC): meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2021;397(10280):1183\u201394.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"6471_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.576","volume":"218","author":"R Romero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Romero R, Conde-Agudelo A, Da Fonseca E, O\u2019Brien JM, Cetingoz E, Creasy GW, et al. Vaginal progesterone for preventing preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in singleton gestations with a short cervix: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2):161\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6471_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.04.023","volume":"227","author":"A Conde-Agudelo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R. Does vaginal progesterone prevent recurrent preterm birth in women with a singleton gestation and a history of spontaneous preterm birth? Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;227(3):440-61 e2.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6471_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2237600","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.37600","volume":"5","author":"DB Nelson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nelson DB, Lafferty A, Venkatraman C, McDonald JG, Eckert KM, McIntire DD, et al. Association of vaginal progesterone treatment with prevention of recurrent preterm birth. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2237600.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10033","key":"6471_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00350-0","volume":"387","author":"JE Norman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Norman JE, Marlow N, Messow CM, Shennan A, Bennett PR, Thornton S, et al. Vaginal progesterone prophylaxis for preterm birth (the OPPTIMUM study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10033):2106\u201316.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06471-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06471-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06471-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T07:03:50Z","timestamp":1712559830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06471-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06471-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received IRB approval on 11\/12\/2021 (HS-21\u201300551) from the University of Southern California Institutional Review Board. This is an observational study that did not require participant consent to participate. Furthermore, the stated IRB waived the need for informed consent in the study protocol approval, because the use of such protected health information involves no more than minimal risk to the privacy of individuals and the research could not be practicably conducted without the waiver and without access to the protected health information. The approval statement from the IRB is below:<i>The request for a waiver of HIPAA Authorization is approved. The investigator has provided justification by specifically documenting the following: (1) The use or disclosure of protected health information involves no more than minimal risk to the privacy of individuals, based on, at least, the presence of the following elements: (a) There is an adequate plan to protect the identifiers from improper use and disclosure; (b) There is an adequate plan to destroy the identifiers at the earliest opportunity consistent with conduct of the research, unless there is a health or research justification for retaining the identifiers or such retention is otherwise required by law; and (c) There are adequate written assurances that the protected health information will not be reused or disclosed to any other person or entity, except as required by law, for authorized oversight of the research project, or for other research for which the use or disclosure of protected health information would be permitted by this subpart. (2) The research could not practicably be conducted without the waiver or alteration; and (3) The research could not practicably be conducted without access to and use of the protected health information.<\/i>","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This is an observational study that did not require participant consent to publish.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"252"}}