{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:43:26Z","timestamp":1793321006021,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food insecurity is a state or condition in which people have limited or uncertain physical, social, and economic access to safe, sufficient, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs. Since no thorough evaluation was carried out to determine the degree of household food insecurity in Tigrayan communities in the aftermath of the conflict. This study aims to describe household-level food insecurity status among pregnant and lactating women during the post-armed conflict in Tigray, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive research was designed to assess household food insecurity. A multi-stage sampling technique was used for this study. One thousand two hundred forty-nine households were selected systematically following a list of food insecure households. Descriptive statistical values, including frequency counts, percentages, minimum values, maximum values, and averages, were calculated to quantify the indicators under study. Household food insecurity and hunger Scale measurement using the standardized Food and Agriculture Organization standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age (\u00b1\u2009SD) of the mothers was 28.35\u2009\u00b1\u20095.91\u00a0years. More than three fourth of the participants 1010(80.93%) were rural residents. The survey result showed that 88.8% of the pregnant and lactating were food insecure. Half (50.1%) of the households were hungry,one month before the study, 78.5% of the families expressed concern about running out of food and 6.4% had severe hunger.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The food insecurity levels and hunger prestige of the study communities were excessively high. This is in the context of a region affected by intense armed conflict. It is commended that the study communities need to be safeguarded from the direct and long-term consequences of armed conflict-caused household food insecurity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06550-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T13:02:09Z","timestamp":1716555729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High manifestations of food insecurity and hunger among pregnant and lactating women during post-conflict in Tigray, Ethiopia: a community-based study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ataklti Gebretsadik","family":"Woldegebriel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gebremedhin Gebreegziabiher","family":"Gebrehiwot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ataklti Gessesse","family":"Teka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagos Amare","family":"Gebreyesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfay Teklemariam","family":"Weldeslassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham Aregay","family":"Desta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haftamu Kebede","family":"Yigzaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nega Mamo","family":"Bezabih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haylom Kahsay","family":"Baryau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mekonnen","family":"Haileselassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengish Bahresilase","family":"Gebregziabiher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6550_CR1","unstructured":"D. The impact of food insecurity on health outcomes: empirical evidence from sub-Saharan"},{"key":"6550_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"African countries. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:338.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15244-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15244-3"},{"key":"6550_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caroline delgado, kristinatschunkert and dan smith. Food insecurity in Africa: drivers and solutions. SIPRI Research Policy Paper.\u00a0 2023.","DOI":"10.55163\/GISR2785"},{"key":"6550_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hendrix, C and Brinkman, H 2013 Food Insecurity and Conflict Dynamics: Causal Linkages and Complex Feedback. Stability\u00a0 Int J Secur Dev. 2013;2(2):26. pp. 1\u201318.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/sta.bm","DOI":"10.5334\/sta.bm"},{"key":"6550_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD (2016), States of Fragility: Understanding Violence, OECD Publishing, Paris.\u00a02016.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264267213-en","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264267213-en"},{"key":"6550_CR6","unstructured":"FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017. Building resilience for peace and food security. Rome, FAO. 2017."},{"key":"6550_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teshome, Bisrat, \"Poverty and Conflict: A Self-Perpetuating Cycle in the Somali Regional State (Region 5), Ethiopia: 1960\u20132010\" . Dissertations and Theses. Paper. 2011;230.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15760\/etd.230","DOI":"10.15760\/etd.230"},{"key":"6550_CR8","unstructured":"Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development. Emergency and response for smallholder farmers affected by the current war crisis.Mekelle; 2021."},{"key":"6550_CR9","unstructured":"World Food Program (WFP). Tigray Emergency Food Security Assessment. Tigray Crisis response 2022."},{"key":"6550_CR10","unstructured":"Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC). Acute Food Insecurity Analysis May \u2013 September 2021, Issued June 2021"},{"key":"6550_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2022.100634","volume":"33","author":"B Kemmerling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kemmerling B, Schetter C, Wirkus L. Glob Food Security. 2022;33: 100634.","journal-title":"Glob Food Security"},{"key":"6550_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2013.834819","author":"ZA MortezaAbdollahi","year":"2015","unstructured":"MortezaAbdollahi ZA, RobabehSheikholeslam NK, ZibaKavehi&Tirang R. Neyestani,. High Occurrence of Food Insecurity among Urban Afghan Refugees in Pakdasht, Iran 2008: A Cross-sectional Study. Ecol Food Nutr. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03670244.2013.834819.","journal-title":"Ecol Food Nutr"},{"key":"6550_CR13","unstructured":"Family Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET). Ethiopia Food Security Outlook October 2020 to May 2021."},{"key":"6550_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aregawi W, HaftomTemesgenAbebe, H, Meron m, Tsegay B, Rieye E, AlemneshAbraha Araya et al. Armed conflict and household food insecurity: evidence from war-torn Tigray, Ethiopia. Conflict and Health 2023;17:22.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13031-023-00520-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-023-00520-1"},{"key":"6550_CR15","unstructured":"FAO. Hunger in conflict zones continues to intensify. January Rome, 2018"},{"key":"6550_CR16","unstructured":"The Cost of Hunger in Africa (COHA): Social and Economic Impact of Child Undernutrition in Egypt, Ethiopia, Swaziland and Uganda, March 2014."}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06550-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06550-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06550-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T13:04:24Z","timestamp":1716555864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06550-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06550-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Tigray Health Research Institute (approval number: 1108 and date: June 19, 2023). Moreover, informed verbal consent was obtained from the study participants to let them know that they would be researched and also to protect them from participating involuntarily. The informed consent incorporated information such as the voluntary nature of the research, the purpose of the research, and the extent and procedures of confidentiality and anonymity. Enumerators were trained in informed consent procedures to ensure that voluntary informed consent would be obtained from all eligible respondents. All analyses occurred with anonymized.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.author..","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"385"}}