{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:44:16Z","timestamp":1793335456174,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006196","name":"University of Oulu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal gestational diabetes (GDM), small (SGA) and large (LGA) for gestational age neonates are associated with increased morbidity in both mother and child. We studied how different levels of first trimester pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (f\u03b2-hCG) were associated with SGA and LGA in GDM pregnancies and controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Altogether 23 482 women with singleton pregnancies participated in first trimester combined screening and delivered between 2014 and 2018 in Northern Finland and were included in this retrospective case-control study. Women with GDM (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094697) and controls without GDM (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918 492) were divided into groups below 5th and 10th or above 90th and 95th percentile (pc) PAPP-A and f\u03b2-hCG MoM levels. SGA was defined as a birthweight more than two standard deviations (SD) below and LGA more than two SDs above the sex-specific and gestational age-specific reference mean. Odds ratios were adjusted (aOR) for maternal age, BMI, ethnicity, IVF\/ICSI, parity and smoking.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In pregnancies with GDM the proportion of SGA was 2.6% and LGA 4.5%, compared to 3.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011) and 1.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in the control group, respectively. In \u2264\u20095th and \u2264\u200910th pc PAPP-A groups, aORs for SGA were 2.7 (95% CI 1.5\u20134.7) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.4\u20133.5) in the GDM group and 3.8 (95% CI 3.0\u20134.9) and 2.8 (95% CI 2.3\u20133.5) in the reference group, respectively. When considering LGA, there was no difference in aORs in any high PAPP-A groups. In the low\u2009\u2264\u20095 percentile f\u03b2-hCG MoM group, aORs for SGA was 2.3 (95% CI 1.8\u20133.1) in the control group. In f\u03b2-hCG groups with GDM there was no association with SGA and the only significant difference was \u2265\u200990 percentile group, aOR 1.6 (95% CI 1.1\u20132.5) for LGA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Association with low PAPP-A and SGA seems to be present despite GDM status. High PAPP-A levels are not associated with increased LGA risk in women with or without GDM. Low f\u03b2-hCG levels are associated with SGA only in non-GDM pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06786-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T08:02:36Z","timestamp":1725609756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["First trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and free \u03b2-hCG levels and risk of SGA or LGA in women with and without GDM"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tiina","family":"Kantomaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja","family":"V\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4sm\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Gissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Ryyn\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaana","family":"Nevalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6786_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation Part 1, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus 1999. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/66040 (accessed March 1, 2023)."},{"key":"6786_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMOA0707943","volume":"358","author":"B Metzger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Metzger B, Lowe L, Dyer A, Trimble E, Chaovarindr U, Coustan D, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1991\u20132002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMOA0707943.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6786_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2337\/DC18-1646","volume":"42","author":"WL Lowe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lowe WL, Scholtens DM, Kuang A, Linder B, Lawrence JM, Lebenthal Y, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study (HAPO FUS): maternal gestational diabetes Mellitus and Childhood glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:372\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC18-1646.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6786_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002036","volume":"135","author":"Y Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei Y, Juan J, Su R, Song G, Chen X, Shan R, et al. Risk of gestational diabetes recurrence and the development of type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes and risk factors: a study among 18 clinical centers in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 2022;135:665\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002036.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"6786_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2004-1713","volume":"90","author":"J Lauenborg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lauenborg J, Mathiesen E, Hansen T, Gl\u00fcmer C, J\u00f8rgensen T, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a Danish population of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus is three-fold higher than in the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4004\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/JC.2004-1713.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6786_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1007\/S00125-016-4062-9","volume":"59","author":"P Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao P, Liu E, Qiao Y, Katzmarzyk PT, Chaput JP, Fogelholm M, et al. Maternal gestational diabetes and childhood obesity at age 9\u201311: results of a multinational study. Diabetologia. 2016;59:2339\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00125-016-4062-9.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6786_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.96.6.3149","volume":"96","author":"JB Lawrence","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lawrence JB, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, Sottrup-Jensen L, Gleich GJ, Hays LG, et al. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF binding protein-4 protease secreted by human fibroblasts is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:3149\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.96.6.3149.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"6786_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/IJGO.12002","volume":"136","author":"M Kaijomaa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaijomaa M, Rahkonen L, Ulander VM, H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen E, Alfthan H, Markkanen H, et al. Low maternal pregnancy-associated plasma protein A during the first trimester of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017;136:76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/IJGO.12002.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"6786_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1615041","volume":"40","author":"R Caliskan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caliskan R, Atis A, Aydin Y, Acar D, Kiyak H, Topbas F. PAPP-A concentrations change in patients with gestational diabetes. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;40:190\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443615.2019.1615041.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"6786_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2014-4103","volume":"100","author":"G Wells","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wells G, Bleicher K, Han X, McShane M, Chan YF, Bartlett A, et al. Maternal diabetes, large-for-gestational-age births, and first trimester pregnancy-Associated plasma Protein-A. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:2372\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/JC.2014-4103.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6786_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/JDI.12672","volume":"9","author":"D Xiao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiao D, Chenhong W, Yanbin X, Lu Z. Gestational diabetes mellitus and first trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein A: a case-control study in a Chinese population. J Diabetes Investig. 2018;9:204\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JDI.12672.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"6786_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Snyder BM, Baer RJ, Oltman SP, Robinson JG, Breheny PJ, Saftlas AF, et al. Early pregnancy prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus risk using prenatal screening biomarkers in nulliparous women. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DIABRES.2020.108139.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DIABRES.2020.108139"},{"key":"6786_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1336759","volume":"31","author":"AN Sweeting","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeting AN, Wong J, Appelblom H, Ross GP, Kouru H, Williams PF, et al. A first trimester prediction model for gestational diabetes utilizing aneuploidy and pre-eclampsia screening markers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31:2122\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2017.1336759.","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"6786_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S398530","volume":"16","author":"J Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui J, Li P, Chen X, Li L, Ouyang L, Meng Z, et al. Study on the relationship and predictive value of first-trimester pregnancy-Associated plasma Protein-A, maternal factors, and biochemical parameters in gestational diabetes Mellitus: a large case-control study in Southern China mothers. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:947\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S398530.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"6786_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borna S, Ashrafzadeh M, Ghaemi M, Eshraghi N, Hivechi N, Hantoushzadeh S. Correlation between PAPP-A serum levels in the first trimester of pregnancy with the occurrence of gestational diabetes, a multicenter cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-023-06155-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-06155-7"},{"key":"6786_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.12809\/HKMJ144470","volume":"22","author":"QY Cheuk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheuk QY, Lo TK, Wong SF, Lee CP. Association between pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A levels in the first trimester and gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women. Hong Kong Med J. 2016;22:30\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12809\/HKMJ144470.","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"6786_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/PD.735","volume":"23","author":"N Tul","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tul N, Pu\u0161enjak S, Osredkar J, Spencer K, Novak-Antoli\u010d \u017d. Predicting complications of pregnancy with first-trimester maternal serum free-betahCG, PAPP-A and inhibin-A. Prenat Diagn. 2003;23:990\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/PD.735.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"6786_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.684170","volume":"25","author":"H Husslein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Husslein H, Lausegger F, Leipold H, Worda C. Association between pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and gestational diabetes requiring insulin treatment at 11\u201314 weeks of gestation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25:2230\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2012.684170.","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"6786_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1471-0528.2011.03253.X","volume":"119","author":"MD Savvidou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Savvidou MD, Syngelaki A, Muhaisen M, Emelyanenko E, Nicolaides KH. First trimester maternal serum free \u03b2-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. BJOG. 2012;119:410\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1471-0528.2011.03253.X.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"6786_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/J.METABOL.2015.07.015","volume":"64","author":"A Syngelaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Syngelaki A, Kotecha R, Pastides A, Wright A, Nicolaides KH. First-trimester biochemical markers of placentation in screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2015;64:1485\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.METABOL.2015.07.015.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"6786_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PLACENTA.2020.08.020","volume":"101","author":"K Tenenbaum-Gavish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tenenbaum-Gavish K, Sharabi-Nov A, Binyamin D, M\u00f8ller HJ, Danon D, Rothman L, et al. First trimester biomarkers for prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta. 2020;101:80\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PLACENTA.2020.08.020.","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6786_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM-2022-0241","author":"T Kantomaa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kantomaa T, V\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4sm\u00e4ki M, Gissler M, Sairanen M, Nevalainen J. First trimester low maternal serum pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) as a screening method for adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Perinat Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/JPM-2022-0241.","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"6786_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.052","volume":"191","author":"L Dugoff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dugoff L, Hobbins JC, Malone FD, Porter TF, Luthy D, Comstock CH, et al. First-trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and free-beta subunit human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations and nuchal translucency are associated with obstetric complications: a population-based screening study (the FASTER Trial). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:1446\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.06.052.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6786_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/UOG.9060","volume":"39","author":"W Plasencia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Plasencia W, Gonz\u00e1lez D\u00e1vila E, Tetilla V, Padr\u00f3n P\u00e9rez E, Garc\u00eda Hern\u00e1ndez JA, Gonz\u00e1lez Gonz\u00e1lez NL. First-trimester screening for large-for-gestational-age infants. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39:389\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/UOG.9060.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6786_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/S00404-015-3947-Z","volume":"293","author":"P Cignini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cignini P, Savasta LM, Gulino FA, Vitale SG, Mangiafico L, Mesoraca A, et al. Predictive value of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and free beta-hCG on fetal growth restriction: results of a prospective study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293:1227\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00404-015-3947-Z.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"6786_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EJOGRB.2015.12.019","volume":"198","author":"RJ Baer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baer RJ, Lyell DJ, Norton ME, Currier RJ, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL. First trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and birth weight. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;198:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EJOGRB.2015.12.019.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"6786_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fruscalzo A, Cividino A, Rossetti E, Maurigh A, Londero AP, Driul L. First trimester PAPP-A serum levels and long-term metabolic outcome of mothers and their offspring. Sci Rep 2020;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41598-020-61830-5","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-020-61830-5"},{"key":"6786_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cole LA. Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules. Reproductive Biology Endocrinol. 2010;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7827-8-102.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-102"},{"key":"6786_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/UOG.5331","volume":"31","author":"KO Kagan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kagan KO, Wright D, Baker A, Sahota D, Nicolaides KH. Screening for trisomy 21 by maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency thickness, free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;31:618\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/UOG.5331.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6786_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/UOG.8808","volume":"37","author":"I Kirkegaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirkegaard I, Henriksen TB, Uldbjerg N. Early fetal growth, PAPP-A and free \u03b2-hCG in relation to risk of delivering a small-for-gestational age infant. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37:341\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/UOG.8808.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6786_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1471-0528.2000.TB11618.X","volume":"107","author":"CYT Ong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ong CYT, Liao AW, Spencer K, Munim S, Nicolaides KH. First trimester maternal serum free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and pregnancy associated plasma protein A as predictors of pregnancy complications. BJOG. 2000;107:1265\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1471-0528.2000.TB11618.X.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"6786_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2015.1036400","volume":"36","author":"P Sirikunalai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sirikunalai P, Wanapirak C, Sirichotiyakul S, Tongprasert F, Srisupundit K, Luewan S, et al. Associations between maternal serum free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (\u03b2-hCG) levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;36:178\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/01443615.2015.1036400.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"6786_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sperling MM, Towner D, Davis J, Yamasato K. Second trimester prediction of gestational diabetes: maternal analytes as an additional screening tool. J Perinat Med 2021;50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/JPM-2021-0054","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM-2021-0054"},{"key":"6786_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Visconti F, Quaresima P, Chiefari E, Caroleo P, Arcidiacono B, Puccio L, et al. First Trimester Combined Test (FTCT) as a predictor of gestational diabetes Mellitus. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJERPH16193654.","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH16193654"},{"key":"6786_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boonpiam R, Wanapirak C, Sirichotiyakul S, Sekararithi R, Traisrisilp K, Tongsong T. Quad test for fetal aneuploidy screening as a predictor of small-for-gestational age fetuses: a population-based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12884-020-03298-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/S12884-020-03298-9"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"6786_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329002700506","volume":"27","author":"TM Reynolds","year":"1990","unstructured":"Reynolds TM, Penney MD. The mathematical basis of multivariate risk screening: with special reference to screening for Down\u2019s syndrome associated pregnancy. Ann Clin Biochem. 1990;27(Pt 5):452\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000456329002700506.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"6786_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/PD.2637","volume":"31","author":"KH Nicolaides","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nicolaides KH. Screening for fetal aneuploidies at 11 to 13 weeks. Prenat Diagn. 2011;31:7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/PD.2637.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"6786_CR38","volume-title":"Current care guidelines for gestational diabetes 2022","author":"Finnish Medical Society Duodecim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finnish Medical Society Duodecim. Current care guidelines for gestational diabetes 2022. Finland: Helsinki; 2013."},{"key":"6786_CR39","unstructured":"Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL, Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. Food and Nutrition Board, Board on Children, Youth and Families, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council: Weight Gain during pregnancy. Reexamining Guidelines 2009:71\u2013110."},{"key":"6786_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0294","volume":"173","author":"S Koivunen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koivunen S, Kajantie E, Torkki A, Bloigu A, Gissler M, Pouta A, et al. The changing face of gestational diabetes: the effect of the shift from risk factor-based to comprehensive screening. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173:623\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-15-0294.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"6786_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.803739","volume":"45","author":"U Sankilampi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sankilampi U, Hannila ML, Saari A, Gissler M, Dunkel L. New population-based references for birth weight, length, and head circumference in singletons and twins from 23 to 43 gestation weeks. Ann Med. 2013;45:446\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/07853890.2013.803739.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"6786_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Honarjoo M, Zarean E, Tarrahi MJ, Kohan S. Role of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and human-derived chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (free \u03b2-hCG) serum levels as a marker in predicting of small for gestational age (SGA): a cohort study. J Res Med Sci. 2021;26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/JRMS.JRMS_560_20.","DOI":"10.4103\/JRMS.JRMS_560_20"},{"key":"6786_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.04.005","volume":"81","author":"AE Hughes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hughes AE, Sovio U, Gaccioli F, Cook E, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith GCS. The association between first trimester AFP to PAPP-A ratio and placentally-related adverse pregnancy outcome. Placenta. 2019;81:25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.04.005.","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"6786_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01270-4","volume":"30","author":"EM Turrado S\u00e1nchez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turrado S\u00e1nchez EM, De Miguel S\u00e1nchez V, Mac\u00eda Corti\u00f1as M. Correlation between PAPP-A levels determined during the First Trimester and Birth Weight at full-term. Reproductive Sci. 2023;30:3235\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-023-01270-4.","journal-title":"Reproductive Sci"},{"key":"6786_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monari F, Menichini D, Spano\u2019 Bascio L, Grandi G, Banchelli F, Neri I, et al. A first trimester prediction model for large for gestational age infants: a preliminary study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12884-021-04127-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/S12884-021-04127-3"},{"key":"6786_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000318565","volume":"29","author":"LCY Poon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Poon LCY, Karagiannis G, Stratieva V, Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH. First-trimester prediction of macrosomia. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2011;29:139\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000318565.","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06786-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06786-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06786-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T08:05:38Z","timestamp":1725609938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06786-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06786-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"According to the Finnish Act on Secondary Use of Health and Social Data 552\/2019, the study participants did not need to provide an information consent form when using anonymous register data only used. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District (EETTMK:99\/2018) and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare gave their permission for the use of the MBR data (THL\/1624\/5.05.00\/2018).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Details of ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"580"}}