{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:28:18Z","timestamp":1789702098223,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR001409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR001409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR001409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR001409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR001409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1-TR001409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1-TR001409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-025-08039-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:16:02Z","timestamp":1761045362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Geospatial analysis of preterm and small-for-gestational age births in Washington D.C."],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-0406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Peluso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin L.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Gopaul-Balser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel K.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"8039_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Slattery MM, Morrison JJ. Preterm delivery. The Lancet. 2002;360(9344):1489-97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11476-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11476-0"},{"key":"8039_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Small MJ, Allen TK, Brown HL. Global disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality. In Seminars in perinatology (Vol. 41, No. 5). WB Saunders. 2017. p. 318-322.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.04.009"},{"key":"8039_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y, Shiels MS, Uribe-Leitz T, Molina RL, Lawrence WR, Freedman ND, Abnet CC. Pregnancy-Related Deaths in the US, 2018-2022. JAMA Network Open. 2025;8(4):e254325.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.4325"},{"key":"8039_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masho SW, Munn MS, Archer PW. Multilevel factors influencing preterm birth in an urban setting. Urban, planning and transport research. 2014;2(1):36-48.","DOI":"10.1080\/21650020.2014.896223"},{"key":"8039_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Girardi G, Longo M, Bremer AA. Social determinants of health in pregnant individuals from underrepresented, understudied, and underreported populations in the United States. Int J Equity Health. 2023;22. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-023-01963-x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-01963-x"},{"key":"8039_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makanga PT, Schuurman N, Von Dadelszen P, Firoz T. A scoping review of geographic information systems in maternal health. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2016;134. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.11.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.11.022"},{"key":"8039_CR7","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. American community survey 5-year data (2009-2018). The United States Census Bureau. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs.html"},{"key":"8039_CR8","unstructured":"D.C. Health. Health Equity Summary Report: District of Columbia. 2018. https:\/\/disb.dc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/dc\/sites\/disb\/publication\/attachments\/her_summary_report_final_with_letter_and_table_02_08_2019.pdf"},{"key":"8039_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Born Too Soon: Decade of Action on Preterm Birth. World Health Organization. 2023. https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Born-too-soon-decade-of-action-on-preterm-birth.pdf."},{"key":"8039_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villar J, Ismail LC, Victora CG, Ohuma EO, Bertino E, Altman DG, Lambert A, Papageorghiou AT, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Gravett MG. International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. The Lancet. 2014;384(9946):857-68.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6"},{"key":"8039_CR11","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, R. MD. Social Determinants of Health Database. 2023. https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/sdoh\/data-analytics\/sdoh-data.html."},{"key":"8039_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messer LC, Laraia BA, Kaufman JS, Eyster J, Holzman C, Culhane J, Elo I, Burke JG, O\u2019campo P. The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index. J Urban Health. 2006;83(6):1041-62.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9094-x"},{"key":"8039_CR13","unstructured":"Robert Graham Center - Policy Studies in Family Medicine & Primary Care. Social deprivation index (SDI).\u00a02018. https:\/\/www.graham-center.org\/maps-data-tools\/social-deprivation-index.html."},{"key":"8039_CR14","unstructured":"Buller, I. D. ndi: Neighborhood Deprivation Indices. 2024. Preprint athttps:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=ndi."},{"key":"8039_CR15","unstructured":"Anselin L, Lozano N, Koschinsky J. Rate transformations and smoothing. Urbana. 2006;51(61801)."},{"key":"8039_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moran PA. Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika. 1950;37(1\/2), pp.17-23.","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17"},{"key":"8039_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pebesma E, Bivand R. Spatial Data Science: With Applications in R. Spatial Data Science: With Applications in R. 2023.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9780429459016.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429459016"},{"key":"8039_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulldorff M, Huang L, Konty K. A scan statistic for continuous data based on the normal probability model. Int J Health Geogr. 2009;8(1):58.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-58"},{"key":"8039_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tennekes M. tmap: Thematic Maps in R. J Stat Softw. 2018;84:1-39.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v084.i06"},{"key":"8039_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ginestet, C. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc. 2011;174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2010.00676_9.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2010.00676_9.x"},{"key":"8039_CR21","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Open J Stat. 2023;13. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"8039_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulldorff M. A spatial scan statistic. Communications in Statistics-Theory and methods. 1997;26(6):1481-96.","DOI":"10.1080\/03610929708831995"},{"key":"8039_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fell DB, Dodds L, King WD. Residential mobility during pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004;18(6):408-14.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2004.00580.x"},{"key":"8039_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dotse-Gborgbortsi W, Nilsen K, Ofosu A, Matthews Z, Tejedor-Garavito N, Wright J, Tatem AJ. Distance is \u201ca big problem\u201d: a geographic analysis of reported and modelled proximity to maternal health services in Ghana. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2022;22(1):p.672.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04998-0"},{"key":"8039_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Root ED, Bailey ED, Gorham T, Browning C, Song C, Salsberry P. Geovisualization and spatial analysis of infant mortality and preterm birth in Ohio, 2008-2015: Opportunities to enhance spatial thinking. Public Health Reports. 2020;135(4):472-82.","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920927854"},{"key":"8039_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacQuillan E, Curtis A, Baker K, Paul R. Geospatial analysis of birth records to target programming for mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus in Michigan, 2013. Public Health Reports. 2019;134(1):27-35.","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918815183"},{"key":"8039_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogneva-Himmelberger Y, Haynes M. Spatial patterns of adverse birth outcomes among black and white women in Massachusetts\u2013the role of population-level and individual-level factors. Geography, Environment, Sustainability. 2020;13(1):99.","DOI":"10.24057\/2071-9388-2019-51"},{"key":"8039_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ncube CN, Enquobahrie DA, Albert SM, Herrick AL, Burke JG. Association of neighborhood context with offspring risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Social Science and Medicine. 2016;153. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.014"},{"key":"8039_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vos AA, Posthumus AG, Bonsel GJ, Steegers EAP, Denkta\u015f S. Deprived neighborhoods and adverse perinatal outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2014;93. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.12430.","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12430"},{"key":"8039_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peluso A. et al. Environmental determinants of health: Measuring multiple physical environmental exposures at the United States census tract level.\u00a02024;89.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103303.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103303"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08039-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08039-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08039-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:16:07Z","timestamp":1761045367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08039-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08039-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures involving human participants were approved and the requirement for informed consent was waived, in accordance with institutional policies and applicable national regulations, by the Institutional Review Board of the Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science (IRB Approval ID: STUDY00000902).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All data were fully anonymized, and as such, individual consent for publication was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Rachel Scott receives investigator-sponsored research funding from ViiV and Gilead, managed by MedStar Health Research Institute; she has additionally served on an advisory group panel for ViiV. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1123"}}