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Recent studies have identified global stressors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, as being connected to an increased prevalence of domestic violence. The aim of the present study was threefold: Firstly, to investigate the prevalence of DV among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland. Secondly, to examine a history of violence experienced by pregnant women in Iceland. Thirdly, to explore the association of symptoms of anxiety and depression, demographic factors and exposure to violence among pregnant women in Iceland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional design was used. A total of 660 pregnant women receiving prenatal care were recruited and completed a survey between April and June 2021. Descriptive statistics were assessed using univariate analysis, Fisher\u2019s exact test, independent t-tests and linear regression analysis as appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In all, 45.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009302) women were survivors of any type of emotional, physical and\/or sexual violence, either in adulthood (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009212, 31.4%) or childhood (\n                      <jats:italic>n\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009207, 21.1%). Twenty-three (3.5%) reported abuse during the last 12 months, of which 20 reported domestic violence. Twelve (1.8%) reported abuse during current pregnancy. Exposure to violence in adulthood was associated with unemployment and exposure to violence in childhood was associated with unemployment and lower educational level. Abuse during pregnancy was associated with being single. Regardless of when the experience of violence occurred, depression and anxiety symptoms were more prevalent among women who had experienced violence compared to those who had no such history.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant Icelandic women commonly reported history of violence, which may be related to their poorer mental health. Iceland benefits from well-organised and comprehensive perinatal services, which need to consider the mental health of women to provide trauma-informed care. Present study did not identify an elevated risk of domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic among pregnant women. Still, pregnant women are exposed to domestic violence during pregnancy and there is a need for more resources for research about violence to find effective preventive measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-025-08049-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T15:04:20Z","timestamp":1757343860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of a history of violence and domestic violence during pregnancy in Iceland and related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hafr\u00fan Rafnar","family":"Finnbogad\u00f3ttir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1st\u00fe\u00f3ra","family":"Kristinsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rannveig","family":"Sigurvinsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda B\u00e1ra","family":"L\u00fd\u00f0sd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"8049_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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Global Programme on Evidence for Health P: Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. In. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001."}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08049-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08049-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08049-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:21:11Z","timestamp":1781608871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08049-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08049-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined by the World Medical Association\u2019s Declaration of Helsinki [\n                      \n                      ] and was conducted in accordance with the ethical and safety recommendations for research on DV against women by the World Health Organization [\n                      \n                      ]. Verbal and written information was provided at the point of recruitment, and answering the survey was considered as offering written consent. Approval for the study was obtained from the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee (reference number VSN-21-027).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"929"}}