{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T21:04:34Z","timestamp":1767474274927,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-025-08129-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T12:03:54Z","timestamp":1764072234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prenatal alcohol use effects on birth, development, and educational outcomes in the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations in the Northern Territory of Australia: a study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Behailu","family":"Derseh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Dadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Guthridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"8129_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.09.010","volume":"60","author":"S Popova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Popova S, Lange S, Probst C, Parunashvili N, Rehm J. Prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders among the general and Aboriginal populations in Canada and the United States. Eur J Med Genet. 2017;60:32\u201348.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet"},{"key":"8129_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.04.001","volume":"65","author":"JP Fitzpatrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick JP, Latimer J, Olson HC, Carter M, Oscar J, Lucas BR, et al. Prevalence and profile of neurodevelopment and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) amongst Australian Aboriginal children living in remote communities. Res Dev Disabil. 2017;65:114\u201326.","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"8129_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403946","volume":"100","author":"SS Premji","year":"2009","unstructured":"Premji SS, Semenic S. Do Canadian prenatal record forms integrate evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis of a FASD? Can J Public Health. 2009;100:274\u201380.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"8129_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook JL. Effects of prenatal alcohol and cannabis exposure on neurodevelopmental and cognitive disabilities. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier B.V.; 2020. p. 391\u2013400.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64150-2.00028-9"},{"key":"8129_CR5","unstructured":"Vuik S, Cheatley J. Preventing Harmful Alcohol Use. OECD; 2021."},{"key":"8129_CR6","first-page":"242","volume":"129","author":"A Nowak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nowak A, Michno A. FASD-Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder. Sci J Database. 2019;129:242\u201354.","journal-title":"Sci J Database."},{"key":"8129_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30021-9","volume":"5","author":"S Popova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Popova S, Lange S, Probst C, Gmel G, Rehm J. Estimation of national, regional, and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Heal. 2017;5:e290\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"8129_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13305","volume":"41","author":"C McCormack","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCormack C, Hutchinson D, Burns L, Wilson J, Elliott E, Allsop S, et al. Prenatal alcohol consumption between conception and recognition of pregnancy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017;41:369\u201378.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"8129_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson AE, Hure AJ, Forder PM, Powers J, Kay-Lambkin FJ, Loxton DJ. Risky drinking patterns are being continued into pregnancy: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e86171.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086171"},{"key":"8129_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agz100","volume":"55","author":"LKK Weile","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weile LKK, Wu C, Hegaard HK, Kesmodel US, Henriksen TB, Ibsen IO, et al. Identification of alcohol risk drinking behaviour in pregnancy using a web-based questionnaire: large-scale implementation in antenatal care. Alcohol Alcohol. 2020;55:225\u201332.","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"8129_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-019-02840-2","volume":"24","author":"K Ishitsuka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishitsuka K, Hanada-Yamamoto K, Mezawa H, Saito-Abe M, Konishi M, Ohya Y, et al. Determinants of alcohol consumption in women before and after awareness of conception. Matern Child Health J. 2020;24:165\u201376.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"8129_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.272","volume":"77","author":"O Alshaarawy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alshaarawy O, Breslau N, Anthony JC. Monthly estimates of alcohol drinking during pregnancy: United States, 2002\u20132011. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2016;77:272\u20136.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"8129_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-202934","volume":"68","author":"C Nykjaer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nykjaer C, Alwan NA, Greenwood DC, Simpson NAB, Hay AWM, White KLM, et al. Maternal alcohol intake prior to and during pregnancy and risk of adverse birth outcomes: evidence from a british cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68:542\u20139.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"8129_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-246","volume":"14","author":"CS Meurk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meurk CS, Broom A, Adams J, Hall W, Lucke J. Factors influencing women\u2019s decisions to drink alcohol during pregnancy: findings of a qualitative study with implications for health communication. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:246.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"8129_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00655-3","volume":"21","author":"D Dozet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dozet D, Burd L, Popova S. Screening for alcohol use in pregnancy: a review of current practices and perspectives. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2023;21:1220\u201339.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"8129_CR16","first-page":"455","volume":"9","author":"CG Bhuvaneswar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bhuvaneswar CG, Chang G, Epstein LA, Stern TA. Alcohol use during pregnancy: Prevalence and impact. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;9:455\u201360.","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"8129_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Room R. Sociocultural aspects of alcohol consumption. In: Alcohol. Oxford University Press; 2013. p. 38\u201346.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199655786.003.0006"},{"key":"8129_CR18","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016: detailed findings. Camberra; 2017."},{"key":"8129_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23142","volume":"97","author":"CM O\u2019Leary","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary CM, Elliott EJ, Nassar N, Bower C. Exploring the potential to use data linkage for investigating the relationship between birth defects and prenatal alcohol exposure. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol. 2013;97:497\u2013504.","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"8129_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0731-y","volume":"88","author":"A Umer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Umer A, Lilly C, Hamilton C, Baldwin A, Breyel J, Tolliver A, et al. Prevalence of alcohol use in late pregnancy. Pediatr Res. 2020;88:312\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"8129_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.10.011","volume":"25","author":"LS Lundsberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lundsberg LS, Illuzzi JL, Belanger K, Triche EW, Bracken MB. Low-to-moderate prenatal alcohol consumption and the risk of selected birth outcomes: A prospective cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25:46-54.e3.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"8129_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2015.02040211","volume":"134","author":"M Sbrana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sbrana M, Grandi C, Brazan M, Junquera N, Nascimento MS, Barbieri MA, et al. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and perinatal results: a cohort study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016;134:146\u201352.","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"key":"8129_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-93042017000200004","volume":"17","author":"FH Baptista","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baptista FH, Rocha KBB, Martinelli JL, De Av\u00f3 LRS, Ferreira RA, Germano CMR, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Rev Bras Saude Matern Infant. 2017;17:271\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Saude Matern Infant"},{"key":"8129_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13566","volume":"42","author":"B Myers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Myers B, Koen N, Donald KA, Nhapi RT, Workman L, Barnett W, et al. Effect of hazardous alcohol use during pregnancy on growth outcomes at birth: findings from a South African cohort study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42:369\u201377.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"8129_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46760-1","author":"S Ohira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ohira S, Motoki N, Shibazaki T, Misawa Y, Inaba Y, Kanai M, et al. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and risk of placental abnormality: the Japan environment and children\u2019s study. Sci Rep. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46760-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8129_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2252-4","volume":"19","author":"AJ Gibberd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gibberd AJ, Simpson JM, Jones J, Williams R, Stanley F, Eades SJ. A large proportion of poor birth outcomes among Aboriginal Western Australians are attributable to smoking, alcohol and substance misuse, and assault. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:110.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"8129_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"SS Oh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oh SS, Jee Y, Park EC, Kim YJ. Alcohol use disorders and increased risk of adverse birth complications and outcomes: an 11-year nationwide cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"8129_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12029","volume":"55","author":"C O\u2019leary","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019leary C, Leonard H, Bourke J, D\u2019antoine H, Bartu A, Bower C. Intellectual disability: population-based estimates of the proportion attributable to maternal alcohol use disorder during pregnancy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55:271\u20137.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"8129_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12375","volume":"35","author":"BR Lucas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lucas BR, Doney R, Latimer J, Watkins RE, Tsang TW, Hawkes G, et al. Impairment of motor skills in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in remote Australia: the Lililwan project. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016;35:719\u201327.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"8129_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13240","volume":"52","author":"BR Lucas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lucas BR, Latimer J, Doney R, Watkins RE, Tsang TW, Hawkes G, et al. Gross motor performance in children prenatally exposed to alcohol and living in remote Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2016;52:814\u201324.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"8129_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-49","volume":"13","author":"M Pfinder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pfinder M, Kunst AE, Feldmann R, van Eijsden M, Vrijkotte TGM. Preterm birth and small for gestational age in relation to alcohol consumption during pregnancy: Stronger associations among vulnerable women? Results from two large Western European studies. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:49.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"8129_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2070-1","volume":"15","author":"CI Lanting","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lanting CI, van Dommelen P, van der Pal-de Bruin KM, Bennebroek Gravenhorst J, van Wouwe JP. Prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:723.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"8129_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt RA, Wey TW, Harding KD, Fortier I, Atkinson S, Tough S, et al. A harmonized analysis of five Canadian pregnancy cohort studies: exploring the characteristics and pregnancy outcomes associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23:128.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05447-2"},{"key":"8129_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006323","volume":"5","author":"LM O\u2019Keeffe","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Keeffe LM, Kearney PM, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS, Greene RA, North RA, et al. Prevalence and predictors of alcohol use during pregnancy: findings from international multicentre cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006323.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"8129_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott EJ, Bower C. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Australia: From Fiction to Fact and to the Future. In: Neuromethods. Humana Press Inc.; 2022. p. 263\u2013310.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2613-9_13"},{"key":"8129_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21103\/Article11(4)_OA19","author":"A Marianian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marianian A, Darenskaya M, Grebenkina L, Protopopova N, Kolesnikova L. The effect of low alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the metabolic processes of women and their alcohol-exposed babies. Int J Biomed. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21103\/Article11(4)_OA19.","journal-title":"Int J Biomed"},{"key":"8129_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2478\/prilozi-2022-0034","volume":"43","author":"N Pop-Jordanova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pop-Jordanova N, Demerdzieva A. How alcohol damages brain development in children. Prilozi. 2022;43:29\u201342.","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"8129_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20010086","volume":"177","author":"B Lees","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lees B, Mewton L, Jacobus J, Valadez EA, Stapinski LA, Teesson M, et al. Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with psychological, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children from the adolescent brain cognitive development study. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177:1060\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8129_CR39","first-page":"55","volume":"32","author":"C Duquette","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duquette C, Parr L. Students with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: inclusive classroom practices. Except Educ Int. 2022;32:55\u201376.","journal-title":"Except Educ Int"},{"key":"8129_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00450-1","volume":"21","author":"AS Reece","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reece AS, Hulse GK. Broad spectrum epidemiological contribution of cannabis and other substances to the teratological profile of northern New South Wales: geospatial and causal inference analysis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2020;21:75.","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"8129_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2018.28","volume":"31","author":"G Hendricks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hendricks G, Malcolm-Smith S, Adnams C, Stein DJ, Donald KAM. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on language, speech and communication outcomes: a review longitudinal studies. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2019;31:74\u201383.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"8129_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014293","author":"A Sania","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sania A, Brittain K, Phillips TK, Zerbe A, Ronan A, Myer L, et al. Effect of alcohol consumption and psychosocial stressors on preterm and small-for-gestational-age births in HIV-infected women in South Africa: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014293.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"8129_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e054706","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054706","volume":"12","author":"E Muggli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muggli E, Halliday J, Elliott EJ, Penington A, Thompson D, Spittle AJ, et al. Cohort profile: early school years follow-up of the Asking Questions about Alcohol in Pregnancy Longitudinal Study in Melbourne, Australia (AQUA at 6). BMJ Open. 2022;12:e054706.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"8129_CR44","unstructured":"Glass L. Characterizing reading ability in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Diss Abstr Int Sect B Sci Eng. 2018;78:No-Specified."},{"key":"8129_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mela M, editor. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Clinician\u2019s Guide. American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2021.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9781615374816"},{"key":"8129_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217986","volume":"17","author":"S Popova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Popova S, Lange S, Temple V, Poznyak V, Chudley AE, Burd L, et al. Profile of mothers of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A population-based study in Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"8129_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramoney S, Eastman E, Adnams C, Stein DJ, Donald KA. The Early Developmental Outcomes of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Review. Frontiers in Neurology. 2018;9:1108.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01108"},{"key":"8129_CR48","unstructured":"The Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney. Evaluating the evidence on the health effects of alcohol consumption: Evidence evaluation report."},{"key":"8129_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14040","author":"SN Mattson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mattson SN, Bernes GA, Doyle LR. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a review of the neurobehavioral deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.14040.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"8129_CR50","unstructured":"WorldAtlas. Maps of North Territory. 2023. https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/maps\/australia\/northern-territory. Accessed 31 Jul 2023."},{"key":"8129_CR51","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. ABS. 2021. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples\/estimates-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians\/latest-release. Accessed 26 Oct 2023."},{"key":"8129_CR52","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA): Technical Paper. 2021. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/detailed-methodology-information\/concepts-sources-methods\/socio-economic-indexes-areas-seifa-technical-paper\/2021. Accessed 31 Jul 2023."},{"key":"8129_CR53","unstructured":"Health Direct. Northern Territory rural and remote health services. 2021. https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/northern-territory-rural-and-remote-health-services."},{"key":"8129_CR54","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey. 2022. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples\/national-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-health-survey\/latest-release."},{"key":"8129_CR55","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Health Conditions Prevalence. 2021. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/health\/health-conditions-and-risks\/health-conditions-prevalence\/2020-21#key-statistics. Accessed 31 Jul 2023."},{"key":"8129_CR56","unstructured":"Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority. National Assessment Program-Literacy and Numeracy: National Report for 2017. 2017."},{"key":"8129_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23889\/ijpds.v4i2.1136","author":"M Schneider","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schneider M, Radbone CG, Vasquez SA, Palfy M, Stanley AK. Population Data Centre Profile: SA NT DataLink (South Australia and Northern Territory). Int J Popul Data Sci. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23889\/ijpds.v4i2.1136.","journal-title":"Int J Popul Data Sci"},{"key":"8129_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christen P. The Data Matching Process. In: Data Matching. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. p. 23\u201335.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31164-2_2"},{"key":"8129_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0296051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296051","volume":"18","author":"AF Dadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dadi AF, He V, Nutton G, Su J-Y, Guthridge S. Predicting child development and school readiness, at age 5, for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in Australia\u2019s Northern Territory. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0296051.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8129_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12852","volume":"51","author":"S Guthridge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guthridge S, Li L, Silburn S, Li SQ, McKenzie J, Lynch J. Impact of perinatal health and socio-demographic factors on school education outcomes: a population study of Indigenous and non-Indigenous children in the Northern Territory. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015;51:778\u201386.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"8129_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7969-5","volume":"20","author":"JY Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su JY, Guthridge S, He VY, Howard D, Leach AJ. The impact of hearing impairment on early academic achievement in Aboriginal children living in remote Australia: a data linkage study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"8129_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2015.12.008","volume":"35","author":"S Guthridge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guthridge S, Li L, Silburn S, Li SQ, McKenzie J, Lynch J. Early influences on developmental outcomes among children, at age 5, in Australia\u2019s Northern Territory. Early Child Res Q. 2016;35:124\u201334.","journal-title":"Early Child Res Q"},{"key":"8129_CR63","unstructured":"Northern Territory Government Department of Health. SA.NT Datalink: Data Quality Statement. 2013. www.santdatalink.org.au. Accessed 8 Aug 2023."},{"key":"8129_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7066","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20227066","volume":"20","author":"R Unnikrishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Unnikrishnan R, Zhao Y, Chondur R, Burgess P. Alcohol-attributable death and burden of illness among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations in remote Australia, 2014\u20132018. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:7066.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"8129_CR65","first-page":"22","volume":"15","author":"SS Azimi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azimi SS, Khalili D, Hadaegh F, Yavari P, Mehrabi Y, Azizi F. Calculating population attributable fraction for cardiovascular risk factors using different methods in a population-based cohort study. J Res Health Sci. 2015;15:22\u20137.","journal-title":"J Res Health Sci"},{"key":"8129_CR66","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Stillbirths and neonatal deaths. 2023."},{"key":"8129_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0200127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200127","volume":"13","author":"Y-S Chao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chao Y-S, Wu C-J, Wu H-C, Chen W-C. Trend analysis for national surveys: application to all variables from the Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 to 4. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0200127.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8129_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu085","volume":"43","author":"SA Brinkman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brinkman SA, Gregory TA, Goldfeld S, Lynch JW, Hardy M. Data resource profile: the Australian Early Development Index (AEDI). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:1089\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"8129_CR69","unstructured":"Australian Early Development Census. Our Children Our Communities Our Future. Melbourne; 2002."},{"key":"8129_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15464","DOI":"10.2196\/15464","volume":"9","author":"JY Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su JY, He VY, Guthridge S, Silburn S. The impact of hearing impairment on the life trajectories of Aboriginal children in remote Australia: protocol for the hearing loss in Kids project. JMIR Res Protoc. 2020;9:e15464.","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"8129_CR71","unstructured":"Sven Silburn, Sally Brinkman, Sue Ferguson-Hill, I Styles, R Walker CS. The Australian early development index (AEDI) Indigenous adaptation study. 2009."},{"key":"8129_CR72","unstructured":"Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority. Submission to the Senate Education, Employment and Workplace Relations Committee: Inquiry into the administration and reporting of NAPLAN testing. 2008."},{"key":"8129_CR73","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Remoteness Areas. Canberra: ABS. 2021."},{"key":"8129_CR74","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2011 Census data: 2011 Census data and products. Camberra: ABS. 2018."},{"key":"8129_CR75","volume-title":"Essentials of research design and methodology","author":"G Marczyk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marczyk G, DeMatteo D, Festinger D. Essentials of research design and methodology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005."},{"key":"8129_CR76","first-page":"79","volume":"5","author":"MA Pourhoseingholi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pourhoseingholi MA, Baghestani AR, Vahedi M. How to control confounding effects by statistical analysis. Gastroenterol Hepatol from bed to bench. 2012;5:79\u201383.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol from bed to bench"},{"key":"8129_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-022-07702-7","volume":"34","author":"FA Adnan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adnan FA, Jamaludin KR, Wan Muhamad WZA, Miskon S. A review of the current publication trends on missing data imputation over three decades: direction and future research. Neural Comput Appl. 2022;34:18325\u201340.","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"8129_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu080","volume":"43","author":"K Bhaskaran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhaskaran K, Smeeth L. What is the difference between missing completely at random and missing at random? Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:1336\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"8129_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-10-14","volume":"10","author":"T Williamson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williamson T, Eliasziw M, Fick GH. Log-binomial models: exploring failed convergence. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2013;10:14.","journal-title":"Emerg Themes Epidemiol"},{"key":"8129_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101","volume":"129","author":"RM Mickey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mickey RM, Greenland S. The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:125\u201337.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"8129_CR81","unstructured":"StataCorp LLC. Stata\/BE 17.0 for windows. 2023."}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08129-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08129-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08129-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T21:01:52Z","timestamp":1767474112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08129-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-025-08129-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2393"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research processes are subject to ethical approval (NT HREC Reference Number: 2024\u20134852) from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Northern Territory Department of Health and Menzies School of Health Research, including the Aboriginal Health Research Subcommittee. The researchers will maintain the confidentiality of the data during data management, analysis, and interpretation. Data securi measures governing the use of data for this study will be managed under the protocols of the Child and Youth Development Research Partnership (CYDRP). The measures include protecting data from unauthorised bodies through passwords and firewalls, using secured servers administered by Menzies School of Health Research, and using de-identified records. The research team will complete a formal agreement outlining the roles and responsibilities of the research team relating to data access, data extraction, confidentiality, intellectual property, and research dissemination.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}