{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:46:27Z","timestamp":1791985587953,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":93,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The aim of this report is to present a rare case of pre\u2011labour premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in a patient in the second trimester of pregnancy, in which an association with a lower genital tract infection caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was observed. The patient was a 26\u2011year\u2011old woman, gravida 2, at 25 weeks of gestation, who presented with clinical complaints of abnormal vaginal discharge and fluid leakage.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Following a definitive diagnosis of trichomoniasis based on stained smear and culture findings, standard treatment with metronidazole was initiated. The treatment was effective, leading to complete resolution of maternal symptoms, full eradication of the infection, and a stable, viable fetal condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This case highlights the potential importance of timely identification and management of common sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy, as such infections may be associated with alterations in fetal membrane integrity and adverse pregnancy outcomes, although a causal relationship cannot be inferred from a single observational report.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-026-08780-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T08:06:17Z","timestamp":1783929977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trichomoniasis associated with amniotic sac rupture in pregnancy: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hajar Ziaei","family":"Hezarjaribi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maliheh Ghasemi","family":"Tirtashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Asadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supplement2","key":"8780_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S152","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac030","volume":"74","author":"PJ Kissinger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kissinger PJ, Gaydos CA, Se\u00f1a AC, Scott McClelland R, Soper D, Secor WE, et al. Diagnosis and management of Trichomonas vaginalis: summary of evidence reviewed for the 2021 centers for disease control and prevention sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(Supplement2):S152\u201361.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8780_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01179-8","volume":"18","author":"EL Op de Coul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Op de Coul EL, Peek D, van Weert YW, Morr\u00e9 SA, Rours I, Hukkelhoven C, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoea, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections among pregnant women and male partners in Dutch midwifery practices: prevalence, risk factors, and perinatal outcomes. Reproductive Health. 2021;18(1):132.","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"key":"8780_CR3","first-page":"223","volume":"197","author":"P Shankar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shankar P, Pandey S, Shrivas A, Gupta S, Sharma MK, Parashar D, et al. Recent advances in the diagnosis of Trichomonas Vaginalis infections. Trichomonas Vaginalis. 2025;197:223.","journal-title":"Trichomonas Vaginalis"},{"issue":"10","key":"8780_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.56338\/mppki.v8i10.7926","volume":"8","author":"N Haruna","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haruna N, Lestari E, Syafri S, Nildawati N. Prevalence of low birth weight and gestational maturity associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women. Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI). 2025;8(10):1153\u201364.","journal-title":"Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI)"},{"issue":"6","key":"8780_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1013216","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013216","volume":"21","author":"C-Y Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang C-Y, Chiu S-F, Chu LJ, Yeh Y-M, Huang P-J, Lan K-L, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis extracellular vesicles activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR3-mediated inflammatory cascades in host cells. PLoS Pathog. 2025;21(6):e1013216.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"8780_CR6","unstructured":"Kramer M. The vaginal Microbiome in health and disease. University of Rijeka. Faculty of Medicine; 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"8780_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/venereology1010005","volume":"1","author":"GV Rigo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rigo GV, Frank LA, Galego GB, Santos ALSd, Tasca T. Novel treatment approaches to combat trichomoniasis, a neglected and sexually transmitted infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis: translational perspectives. Venereology. 2022;1(1):47\u201380.","journal-title":"Venereology"},{"key":"8780_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabet DT, Yu H, Prior L, Wedisinghe L. Persistent trichomoniasis in pregnancy: A case report calling for further research to alternative antibiotic treatment. Cureus. 2025;17(3).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.80702"},{"issue":"4","key":"8780_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420907758","volume":"31","author":"N Mabaso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mabaso N, Naicker C, Nyirenda M, Abbai N. Prevalence and risk factors for Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women in South Africa. Int J STD AIDS. 2020;31(4):351\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"8780_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/1118-8561.215037","volume":"20","author":"FO Akinbo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akinbo FO, Mokobia CN, Ande ABA. Prevalence of trichomoniasis among pregnant women in Benin City. Sahel Med J. 2017;20(2):67\u201371.","journal-title":"Sahel Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"8780_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415601295","volume":"27","author":"GL Forbes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forbes GL, Drayton R, Forbes GD. A case of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnancy. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27(10):906\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"}],"container-title":["BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-026-08780-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-026-08780-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12884-026-08780-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:00:08Z","timestamp":1791982808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12884-026-08780-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-026-08780-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this case report, including the use of any clinical details and accompanying images (if applicable). The patient was fully informed about the purpose of the publication and retained the right to review the final manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from the patient participating in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1162"}}