{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:40:48Z","timestamp":1793648448488,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004621","name":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["95000555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["95000555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In recent years, lung cancer (LC) incidence has increased in Iran. The use of opium and its derivatives (O&amp;D) has increased as well. This study aimed to investigate the association between the use of O&amp;D and LC incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this case-control study conducted in Kerman, Iran; 140 patients with lung cancer and 280 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and place of residence were included. Data, including O&amp;D use, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and diet, were collected using a structured questionnaire. The relation between the use of O&amp;D and LC was evaluated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for tobacco smoking, education, daily intake of fruit, vegetables, red meat, and hydrogenated fats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Opium ever-use was associated with an increased risk of LC (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =5.95, 95% CI: 1.87\u201318.92). Participants were divided into low and high use groups based on the median of opium use in the control group. A significant dose-response relation was observed between the amount of daily O&amp;D use and LC; and the relation was stronger in high users (AOR\n                      <jats:sub>low users<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.81% CI: 1.13\u201312.77 and OR\n                      <jats:sub>high users<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20099.36, 95% CI: 2.05\u201342.72). Also, LC was higher among participants starting the use of O&amp;D at younger ages (\u2264 41\u2009years old vs never users AOR\u2009=\u20098.64, 95% CI: 1.90\u201339.18) compared to those who started at an older age (&gt;\u200941\u2009years old vs never users, AOR\u2009=\u20094.71, 95% CI: 1.38\u201316.08). The association between opium, and lung cancer among non-smokers was OR: 6.50 (95% CI: 2.89 to 14.64).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study show that opium use is probably a dose related risk factor for lung cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07296-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:32Z","timestamp":1598400032000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Is opium use associated with an increased risk of lung cancer? A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Naghibzadeh-Tahami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Marzban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Yazdi-Feyzabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahryar","family":"Dabiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shokrollah","family":"Mohseni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Abbasi Rayeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Samareh Fekri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hasan","family":"Larizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behnaz","family":"Karimpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7235-9253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narges","family":"Khanjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"7296_CR1","volume-title":"UNODC. World Drug Report: 2011","author":"Crime UNOoDa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crime UNOoDa. UNODC. World Drug Report: 2011. New York: United Nations; 2011. Available at: http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/WDR-2011.html. Cited 2011 Dec 20."},{"key":"7296_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarghami M. Iranian common attitude toward opium consumption. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2015;9(2):1\u20134.","DOI":"10.17795\/ijpbs2074"},{"issue":"5","key":"7296_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910350505","volume":"35","author":"P Ghadirian","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ghadirian P, Stein G, Gorodetzky C, Roberfroid M, Mahon G, Bartsch H, et al. Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian littoral of Iran: some residual results, including opium use as a risk factor. Int J Cancer. 1985;35(5):593\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"7296_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604369","volume":"98","author":"D Nasrollahzadeh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nasrollahzadeh D, Kamangar F, Aghcheli K, Sotoudeh M, Islami F, Abnet C, et al. Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(11):1857\u201363.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"7296_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.336","volume":"108","author":"MM Malekzadeh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malekzadeh MM, Khademi H, Pourshams A, Etemadi A, Poustchi H, Bagheri M, et al. Opium use and risk of mortality from digestive diseases--a prospective cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(11):1757.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7296_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28018","volume":"133","author":"R Shakeri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shakeri R, Malekzadeh R, Etemadi A, Nasrollahzadeh D, Aghcheli K, Sotoudeh M, et al. Opium: an emerging risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2013;133(2):455\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"7296_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200311000-00016","volume":"113","author":"MRA Mousavi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mousavi MRA, Damghani MA, Haghdoust AA, Khamesipour A. Opium and risk of laryngeal cancer. Laryngoscope. 2003;113(11):1939\u201343.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"7296_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910200606","volume":"20","author":"R MacLennan","year":"1977","unstructured":"MacLennan R, Da Costa J, Day N, Law CH, Ng Y, Shanmugaratnam K. Risk factors for lung cancer in Singapore Chinese, a population with high female incidence rates. Int J Cancer. 1977;20(6):854\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"7296_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000338559","volume":"85","author":"MR Masjedi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Masjedi MR, Naghan PA, Taslimi S, Yousefifard M, Ebrahimi SM, Khosravi A, et al. Opium could be considered an independent risk factor for lung cancer: a case-control study. Respiration. 2013;85(2):112\u20138.","journal-title":"Respiration."},{"key":"7296_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khademi H, Malekzadeh R, Pourshams A, Jafari E, Salahi R, Semnani S, et al. Opium use and mortality in Golestan cohort study: prospective cohort study of 50 000 adults in Iran. BMJ. 2012;344:e2502.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e2502"},{"issue":"4","key":"7296_CR11","first-page":"253","volume":"1","author":"M Aliasgari","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aliasgari M, Kaviani A, Gachkar L, Hosseini-Nassab S. Is bladder cancer more common among opium addicts? Urol J. 2009;1(4):253\u20135.","journal-title":"Urol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"7296_CR12","first-page":"142","volume":"25","author":"S Behmard","year":"1981","unstructured":"Behmard S, Sadeghi A, Mohareri M, Kadivar R. Positive association of opium addiction and cancer of the bladder. Results of urine cytology in 3,500 opium addicts. Acta Cytol. 1981;25(2):142\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"7296_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini SY, Safarinejad MR, Amini E, Hooshyar H, editors. Opium consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a case-control analysis. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations. Elsevier. 2010;26(6):610\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2008.10.016"},{"issue":"6","key":"7296_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197906)43:6<2315::AID-CNCR2820430622>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"43","author":"A Sadeghi","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sadeghi A, Behmard S, Vesselinovitch SD. Opium: a potential urinary bladder carcinogen in man. Cancer. 1979;43(6):2315\u201321.","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"issue":"3","key":"7296_CR15","first-page":"601","volume":"11","author":"N Shakhssalim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shakhssalim N, Hosseini SY, Basiri A, Eshrati B, Mazaheri M, Soleimanirahbar A. Prominent bladder cancer risk factors in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010;11(3):601\u20136.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"7296_CR16","volume-title":"Evaluation of bladder cancer in opium addicted patients in the Kerman Province, Iran, from 1999 to 2003","author":"A Ketabchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ketabchi A, Gharaei M, Ahmadinezhad M, Mirshekari T. Evaluation of bladder cancer in opium addicted patients in the Kerman Province, Iran, from 1999 to 2003; 2005."},{"key":"7296_CR17","unstructured":"Nourbakhsh A, Hatmi MMZ. Opium use in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Acta Medica Iranica. 2006;4(44):263\u20138."},{"key":"7296_CR18","unstructured":"Akbari M, Naghibzadeh TA, Khanjani N, Baneshi MR, Kamali E, Hesampour M, et al. Opium as a risk factor for bladder cancer: a population-based case-control study in Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2015;18(9):567\u201371."},{"issue":"10","key":"7296_CR19","first-page":"1322","volume":"45","author":"A Naghibzadeh-Tahami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naghibzadeh-Tahami A, Feyzabadi VY, Khanjani N, Ashrafi-Asgarabad A, Alizaeh H, Borhaninejad VR, et al. Can opium use contribute to a higher risk of colorectal cancers? A matched case-control study in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2016;45(10):1322.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"7296_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lankarani K, Khosravizadegan Z, Naghibzadeh-Tahami A, Akbari M, Khodadost M, Honarvar B, et al. Opium use and risk of lower gastrointestinal cancers: Population-based case-control study in South of Iran. Int J Cancer Manage. 2017;10(6):2\u20137.","DOI":"10.5812\/ijcm.8227"},{"issue":"3","key":"7296_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.3.783","volume":"21","author":"H Alizadeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alizadeh H, Naghibzadeh TA, Khanjani N, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Eslami H, Borhaninejad V, et al. Opium use and head and neck cancers: a matched case-control study in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2020;21(3):783.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"7296_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(85)90114-9","volume":"150","author":"M Friesen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Friesen M, O'neill I, Malaveille C, Garren L, Hautefeuille A, Cabral J, et al. Characterization and identification of 6 mutagens in opium pyrolysates implicated in oesophagel cancer in Iran. Mutat Res. 1985;150(1\u20132):177\u201391.","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"7296_CR23","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/today\/data\/factsheets\/cancers\/39-All-cancers-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed 13 Mar 2019."},{"key":"7296_CR24","volume-title":"Cancer screening in five continents","author":"P Basu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basu P, Lucas E, Carvalho AL, Sauvaget C, Muwonge R, Herrero R, Sankaranarayanan R. Cancer screening in five continents. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.1_suppl.21S","volume":"123","author":"AJ Alberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alberg AJ, Samet JM. Epidemiology of lung cancer. Chest. 2003;123(1):21S\u201349S.","journal-title":"Chest."},{"issue":"3","key":"7296_CR26","first-page":"52","volume":"1","author":"M Garcia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garcia M, Jemal A, Ward E, Center M, Hao Y, Siegel R, et al. Global cancer facts & figures 2007. Am Cancer Soc. 2007;1(3):52 Atlanta, GA.","journal-title":"Am Cancer Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"7296_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021611","volume":"8","author":"LM O\u2019Keeffe","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Keeffe LM, Taylor G, Huxley RR, Mitchell P, Woodward M, Peters SA. Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8(10):e021611.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"7296_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1159\/000332930","volume":"84","author":"G-H Dong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dong G-H, Zhang P, Sun B, Zhang L, Chen X, Ma N, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and respiratory disease mortality in Shenyang, China: a 12-year population-based retrospective cohort study. Respiration. 2012;84(5):360\u20138.","journal-title":"Respiration."},{"issue":"5","key":"7296_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1159\/000334312","volume":"83","author":"C Tummino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tummino C, Maldonado F, Laroumagne S, Astoul P, Dutau H. Lung cancer following bronchoscopic lung volume reduction for severe emphysema: a case and its management. Respiration. 2012;83(5):418\u201320.","journal-title":"Respiration."},{"issue":"5","key":"7296_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000326299","volume":"81","author":"M K\u00f6nigshoff","year":"2011","unstructured":"K\u00f6nigshoff M. Lung cancer in pulmonary fibrosis: tales of epithelial cell plasticity. Respiration. 2011;81(5):353\u20138.","journal-title":"Respiration."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"7296_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701772348","volume":"43","author":"N Nakhaee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakhaee N, Divsalar K, Meimandi MS, Dabiri S. Estimating the prevalence of opiates use by unlinked anonymous urine drug testing: a pilot study in Iran. Subst Use Misuse. 2008;43(3\u20134):513\u201320.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"7296_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najafipour H, Masoomi M, Shahesmaeili A, Haghdoost AA, Afshari M, Nasri HR, et al. Effects of opium consumption on coronary artery disease risk factors and oral health: results of Kerman coronary artery disease risk factors study a population-based survey on 5900 subjects aged 15-75 years. Int J Prev Med. 2015;6:42\u20137.","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.157470"},{"key":"7296_CR33","unstructured":"Kelsey J, Whittemore A, Evans A, Thompson W. Methods in Observational Epidemiology. 2nd ed: Oxford University Press; 1996. https:\/\/www.openepi.com\/SampleSize\/SSCC.htm."},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR34","first-page":"14","volume":"11","author":"G Yousefzadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yousefzadeh G, Shokoohi M, Najafipour H, Eslami M, Salehi F. Association between opium use and metabolic syndrome among an urban population in southern Iran: results of the Kerman coronary artery disease risk factor study (KERCADRS). ARYA Atheroscler. 2015;11(1):14.","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler"},{"key":"7296_CR35","unstructured":"Naghibzadeh Tahami A, Khanjani N, Yazdi Feyzabadi V, Varzandeh M, Haghdoost AA. Opium as a risk factor for upper gastrointestinal cancers: a population-based case-control study in Iran; Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2014;17(1):2\u20136."},{"issue":"6","key":"7296_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.1068.13.6","volume":"13","author":"CC Abnet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abnet CC, Saadatian-Elahi M, Pourshams A, Boffetta P, Feizzadeh A, Brennan P, et al. Reliability and validity of opiate use self-report in a population at high risk for esophageal cancer in Golestan, Iran. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomarkers. 2004;13(6):1068\u201370.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomarkers"},{"key":"7296_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakeri R, Kamangar F, Mohamadnejad M, Tabrizi R, Zamani F, Mohamadkhani A, et al. Opium use, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer. Medicine. 2016;95(28):1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003922"},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp161","volume":"39","author":"A Pourshams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pourshams A, Khademi H, Malekshah AF, Islami F, Nouraei M, Sadjadi AR, et al. Cohort profile: the Golestan cohort study\u2014a prospective study of oesophageal cancer in northern Iran. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(1):52\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7296_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/4.2.227","volume":"4","author":"P Perry","year":"1983","unstructured":"Perry P, Thomson E, Day N, Bartsch H. Induction of SCE by opium pyrolysates in CHO cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis. 1983;4(2):227\u201330.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis."},{"issue":"8088","key":"7296_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)92218-3","volume":"312","author":"T Hewer","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hewer T, Rose E, Ghadirian P, Castegnaro M, Malaveille C, Bartsch H, et al. Ingested mutagens from opium and tobacco pyrolysis products and cancer of the oesophagus. Lancet. 1978;312(8088):494\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2009.01.004","volume":"38","author":"F Kamangar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kamangar F, Chow W-H, Abnet CC, Dawsey SM. Environmental causes of esophageal cancer. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2009;38(1):27\u201357.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-017-0127-0","volume":"12","author":"MM Hayatbakhsh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayatbakhsh MM, Oghabian Z, Conlon E, Nakhaee S, Amirabadizadeh AR, Zahedi MJ, et al. Lead poisoning among opium users in Iran: an emerging health hazard. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2017;12(1):43.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"7296_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m N-G, Nordberg G, Englyst V, Gerhardsson L, Hagmar L, Jin T, et al. Cumulative lead exposure in relation to mortality and lung cancer morbidity in a cohort of primary smelter workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997;23(1):24\u201330.","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.174"},{"issue":"5","key":"7296_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e649","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30059-0","volume":"8","author":"M Sheikh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheikh M, Shakeri R, Poustchi H, Pourshams A, Etemadi A, Islami F, et al. Opium use and subsequent incidence of cancer: results from the Golestan cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(5):e649\u2013e60.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-9-55","volume":"9","author":"F Farzadfar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farzadfar F, Danaei G, Namdaritabar H, Rajaratnam JK, Marcus JR, Khosravi A, et al. National and subnational mortality effects of metabolic risk factors and smoking in Iran: a comparative risk assessment. Popul Health Metrics. 2011;9(1):55.","journal-title":"Popul Health Metrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"7296_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-208251","volume":"72","author":"A Rahmati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rahmati A, Shakeri R, Khademi H, Poutschi H, Pourshams A, Etemadi A, et al. Mortality from respiratory diseases associated with opium use: a population-based cohort study. Thorax. 2017;72(11):1028\u201334.","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"issue":"3","key":"7296_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0592","volume":"27","author":"S Moossavi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moossavi S, Mohamadnejad M, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Islami F, Sharafkhah M, et al. Opium use and risk of pancreatic cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomarkers. 2018;27(3):268\u201373.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomarkers"},{"key":"7296_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2018.10.006","volume":"58","author":"DR Brenner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brenner DR, Fehringer G, Zhang Z-F, Lee Y-CA, Meyers T, Matsuo K, et al. Alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk: a pooled analysis from the international lung Cancer consortium and the SYNERGY study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2019;58:25\u201332.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7296_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-325","volume":"13","author":"HK Chaturvedi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaturvedi HK, Mahanta J, Bajpai RC, Pandey A. Correlates of opium use: retrospective analysis of a survey of tribal communities in Arunachal Pradesh, India. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):325.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12885-020-07296-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12885-020-07296-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12885-020-07296-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T19:00:10Z","timestamp":1668020410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccancer.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12885-020-07296-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-020-07296-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.15585\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.15585\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.14374\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.15585\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) with ID number IR.KMU.REC.1396.1093. Ethical considerations were taken into account during data collection and analysis. All questions about the study, asked by the participants were answered and written informed consent was obtained from the participants before starting data collection. It was assured that confidentiality would be maintained, and that no personal information would be mentioned in the publications arising from the study. The participants were informed that participation was entirely voluntary and they could withdraw at any time.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"807"}}