{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:01:53Z","timestamp":1793394113966,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007824","name":"American Chemistry Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012327","name":"Foundation for Chemistry Research and Initiatives","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) \u2013 including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) \u2013 and myelodysplastic\/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS\/MPN) are largely clinically distinct myeloid malignancies, epidemiological studies rarely examine them separately and often combine them with lymphoid malignancies, limiting possible etiological interpretations for specific myeloid malignancies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We systematically evaluated the epidemiological literature on the four chemical agents (1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, benzene, and tobacco smoking, excluding pharmaceutical, microbial and radioactive agents, and pesticides) classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as having sufficient epidemiological evidence to conclude that each causes \u201cmyeloid malignancies.\u201d Literature searches of IARC Monographs and PubMed identified 85 studies that we critically assessed, and for appropriate subsets, summarized results using meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Only two epidemiological studies on 1,3-butadiene were identified, but reported findings were inadequate to evaluate specific myeloid malignancies. Studies on formaldehyde reported results for AML and CML \u2013 and not for MDS or MPN \u2013 but reported no increased risks. For benzene, several specific myeloid malignancies were evaluated, with consistent associations reported with AML and MDS and mixed results for CML. Studies of tobacco smoking examined all major myeloid malignancies, demonstrating consistent relationships with AML, MDS and MPN, but not with CML.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Surprisingly few epidemiological studies present results for specific myeloid malignancies, and those identified were inconsistent across studies of the same exposure, as well as across chemical agents. This exercise illustrates that even for agents classified as having sufficient evidence of causing \u201cmyeloid malignancies,\u201d the epidemiological evidence for specific myeloid malignancies is generally limited and inconsistent. Future epidemiological studies should report findings for the specific myeloid malignancies, as combining them post hoc \u2013 where appropriate \u2013 always remains possible, whereas disaggregation may not. Furthermore, combining results across possibly discrete diseases reduces the chances of identifying important malignancy-specific causal associations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-07908-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T12:03:08Z","timestamp":1615032188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The importance of evaluating specific myeloid malignancies in epidemiological studies of environmental carcinogens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9700-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. 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All data used were obtained from public sources, primarily the published scientific literature, and therefore consent to use these data was not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"KAM, EMB, HNL, CKL and WJT are employed by Cardno ChemRisk and LD is employed by Ramboll\u00a0US Consulting Inc., consulting firms that provide scientific advice to the government, corporations, law firms, and various scientific\/professional organizations. Their contributions to the manuscript were part of their regular responsibilities with their respective employers. PB and VJD are academic professionals who generously contributed their time and expertise in preparing and reviewing the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"227"}}