{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T08:17:58Z","timestamp":1763367478986,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Blood type has been associated with the risk of gastric cancer, but few studies have examined the association with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a case-control study using genotyping data of Chinese individuals, including cases of 2022 ESCC, 1189 gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, 1161 gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma, and 2696 controls. Genetic blood type was imputed using three single nucleotide polymorphisms. We used logistic regression to examine the association between blood type and the risk of each cancer.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Compared to blood type O, the risk of ESCC was significantly elevated for blood type B and AB, with the highest risk for type AB (OR, 95%CI: 1.34, 1.07\u20131.67). Analysis of genotype suggested that the association of ESCC was from carrying the <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> allele. Similarly, blood type was significantly associated with gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) with risk significantly elevated in type A (1.37, 1.14\u20131.65) and AB (1.44, 1.10\u20131.89) compared to type O. Blood type was not associated with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.13).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study provides novel insights into the association between blood type and the risk of ESCC and restricted previously observed association to only gastric noncardia cancer, providing important evidence to clarify the pattern of association and suggesting mechanisms of action.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08334-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T12:02:57Z","timestamp":1621684977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["ABO genotypes and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3565-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ou","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Min","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woon-Puay","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You-Lin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanford M.","family":"Dawsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neal D.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisa M.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian C.","family":"Abnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4814","key":"8334_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4814.799","volume":"1","author":"I Aird","year":"1953","unstructured":"Aird I, Bentall HH, Roberts JA. A relationship between cancer of stomach and the ABO blood groups. Br Med J. 1953;1(4814):799\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.1.4814.799.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"8334_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq299","volume":"172","author":"G Edgren","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edgren G, Hjalgrim H, Rostgaard K, Norda R, Wikman A, Melbye M, et al. Risk of gastric cancer and peptic ulcers in relation to ABO blood type: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(11):1280\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwq299.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"8334_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0213","volume":"20","author":"M Nakao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nakao M, Matsuo K, Ito H, Shitara K, Hosono S, Watanabe M, et al. ABO genotype and the risk of gastric cancer, atrophic gastritis, and helicobacter pylori infection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2011;20(8):1665\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0213.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"8334_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-004-3485-7","volume":"16","author":"M Lindblad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lindblad M, Rodriguez LA, Lagergren J. Body mass, tobacco and alcohol and risk of esophageal, gastric cardia, and gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma among men and women in a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16(3):285\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-004-3485-7.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"8334_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309340","volume":"65","author":"N Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu N, Wang Z, Song X, Wei L, Kim BS, Freedman ND, et al. Genome-wide association study of gastric adenocarcinoma in Asia: a comparison of associations between cardia and non-cardia tumours. Gut. 2016;65(10):1611\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309340.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"8334_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.09.045","volume":"156","author":"S Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta S, Tao L, Murphy JD, Camargo MC, Oren E, Valasek MA, et al. Race\/ethnicity-, socioeconomic status-, and anatomic subsite-specific risks for gastric cancer. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(1):59\u201362.e4.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5180","key":"8334_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5180.1163","volume":"1","author":"I Aird","year":"1960","unstructured":"Aird I, Lee DR, Roberts JA. ABO blood groups and cancer of oesophagus, cancerof pancreas, and pituitary adenoma. Br Med J. 1960;1(5180):1163\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.1.5180.1163.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"8334_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.61.7.649","volume":"61","author":"S Wapnick","year":"1972","unstructured":"Wapnick S, Zanamwe LN, Chitiyo M, Mynors JM. Cancer of the esophagus in Central Africa. Chest. 1972;61(7):649\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.61.7.649.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"8334_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v7.i5.657","volume":"7","author":"M Su","year":"2001","unstructured":"Su M, Lu SM, Tian DP, Zhao H, Li XY, Li DR, et al. Relationship between ABO blood groups and carcinoma of esophagus and cardia in Chaoshan inhabitants of China. World J Gastroenterol. 2001;7(5):657\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v7.i5.657.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"8334_CR10","first-page":"286810","volume":"2014","author":"N Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar N, Kapoor A, Kalwar A, Narayan S, Singhal MK, Kumar A, et al. Allele frequency of ABO blood group antigen and the risk of esophageal cancer. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:286810.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"8334_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp037","volume":"101","author":"YL Qiao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Kamangar F, Fan JH, Abnet CC, Sun XD, et al. Total and cancer mortality after supplementation with vitamins and minerals: follow-up of the Linxian general population nutrition intervention trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(7):507\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djp037.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"6","key":"8334_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2011.06.006","volume":"35","author":"Y Gao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gao Y, Hu N, Han XY, Ding T, Giffen C, Goldstein AM, et al. Risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in Shanxi province, China: a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2011;35(6):e91\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2011.06.006.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8334_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv013","volume":"44","author":"XO Shu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shu XO, Li H, Yang G, Gao J, Cai H, Takata Y, et al. Cohort profile: the Shanghai men\u2019s health study. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(3):810\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyv013.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"8334_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi322","volume":"162","author":"W Zheng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zheng W, Chow WH, Yang G, Jin F, Rothman N, Blair A, et al. The Shanghai women\u2019s health study: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162(11):1123\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwi322.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8334_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914nc392_5","volume":"39","author":"JH Hankin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hankin JH, Stram DO, Arakawa K, Park S, Low SH, Lee HP, et al. Singapore Chinese health study: development, validation, and calibration of the quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nutr Cancer. 2001;39(2):187\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327914nc392_5.","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"8334_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.649","volume":"42","author":"CC Abnet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abnet CC, Freedman ND, Hu N, Wang Z, Yu K, Shu XO, et al. A shared susceptibility locus in PLCE1 at 10q23 for gastric adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Genet. 2010;42(9):764\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.649.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"8334_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68999","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068999","volume":"8","author":"WQ Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li WQ, Hu N, Wang Z, Yu K, Su H, Wang L, et al. Genetic variants in epidermal growth factor receptor pathway genes and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric cancer in a Chinese population. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0068999.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"8334_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1086\/319501","volume":"68","author":"M Stephens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stephens M, Smith NJ, Donnelly P. A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68(4):978\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/319501.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"8334_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2993","volume":"70","author":"BM Wolpin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wolpin BM, Kraft P, Gross M, Helzlsouer K, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Steplowski E, et al. Pancreatic cancer risk and ABO blood group alleles: results from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. Cancer Res. 2010;70(3):1015\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2993.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"8334_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29034","volume":"136","author":"EJ Duell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duell EJ, Bonet C, Munoz X, Lujan-Barroso L, Weiderpass E, Boutron-Ruault MC, et al. Variation at ABO histo-blood group and FUT loci and diffuse and intestinal gastric cancer risk in a European population. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(4):880\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.29034.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"8334_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5355-4","volume":"19","author":"Y Mao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mao Y, Yang W, Qi Q, Yu F, Wang T, Zhang H, et al. Blood groups A and AB are associated with increased gastric cancer risk: evidence from a large genetic study and systematic review. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-019-5355-4.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"8334_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13308","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131013308","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Z, Liu L, Ji J, Zhang J, Yan M, Zhang J, et al. ABO blood group system and gastric cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(10):13308\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms131013308.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"8334_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20616","volume":"113","author":"GD Tran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tran GD, Sun XD, Abnet CC, Fan JH, Dawsey SM, Dong ZW, et al. Prospective study of risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in the Linxian general population trial cohort in China. Int J Cancer. 2005;113(3):456\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.20616.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"8334_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.648","volume":"42","author":"LD Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang LD, Zhou FY, Li XM, Sun LD, Song X, Jin Y, et al. Genome-wide association study of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese subjects identifies susceptibility loci at PLCE1 and C20orf54. Nat Genet. 2010;42(9):759\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.648.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"8334_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603517","volume":"96","author":"F Kamangar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kamangar F, Qiao YL, Blaser MJ, Sun XD, Katki H, Fan JH, et al. Helicobacter pylori and oesophageal and gastric cancers in a prospective study in China. Br J Cancer. 2007;96(1):172\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603517.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"8334_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.168641","volume":"58","author":"JS Ren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ren JS, Kamangar F, Qiao YL, Taylor PR, Liang H, Dawsey SM, et al. Serum pepsinogens and risk of gastric and oesophageal cancers in the general population nutrition intervention trial cohort. Gut. 2009;58(5):636\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2008.168641.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9","key":"8334_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.77","volume":"104","author":"CC Abnet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abnet CC, Zheng W, Ye W, Kamangar F, Ji BT, Persson C, et al. Plasma pepsinogens, antibodies against helicobacter pylori, and risk of gastric cancer in the Shanghai women\u2019s health study cohort. Br J Cancer. 2011;104(9):1511\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bjc.2011.77.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"8334_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0751","volume":"19","author":"BM Wolpin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wolpin BM, Kraft P, Xu M, Steplowski E, Olsson ML, Arslan AA, et al. Variant ABO blood group alleles, secretor status, and risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2010;19(12):3140\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0751.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"8334_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040002","volume":"4","author":"S Linden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Linden S, Mahdavi J, Semino-Mora C, Olsen C, Carlstedt I, Boren T, et al. Role of ABO secretor status in mucosal innate immunity and H. pylori infection. PLoS Pathog. 2008;4(1):e2.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"8","key":"8334_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01280.x","volume":"47","author":"SP Yip","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yip SP, Lai SK, Wong ML. Systematic sequence analysis of the human fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) gene identifies novel sequence variations and alleles. Transfusion. 2007;47(8):1369\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01280.x.","journal-title":"Transfusion"}],"container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12885-021-08334-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12885-021-08334-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12885-021-08334-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T12:05:19Z","timestamp":1621685119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccancer.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12885-021-08334-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-021-08334-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2407"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2407"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Shanxi UGI Cancer Genetics Project (registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT00341276) was approved by Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute Institutional Review Board and the NCI Special Studies Institutional Review Board. The Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials (registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT00342654) was approved by Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institutional Review Board and the NCI Special Studies Institutional Review Board. The Shanghai Women\u2019s and Men\u2019s Health Study were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Vanderbilt University and the Shanghai Cancer Institute. The Singapore Chinese Health Study was approved by the institutional review boards at the National University of Singapore and the University of Minnesota. All subjects provided informed consent. The current study was a secondary analysis of de-identified data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"589"}}