{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:05:06Z","timestamp":1789805106460,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TW011728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TW011728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cervical cancer remains a significant but preventable threat to women\u2019s health throughout much of the developing world, including Uganda. Cervical cancer screening and timely treatment of pre-cancerous lesions is a cost-effective means of mitigating cervical cancer morbidity and mortality. However, only 5% of women in Uganda have ever been screened. Barriers to screening, such as social stigma and access to safe conditions, have been previously identified, but insights into the role of male spouses in encouraging or discouraging screening have been limited. To our knowledge, no studies have compared barriers and facilitators among women who had or had not yet been screened and male partners of screened and unscreened women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To resolve this gap, we conducted 7 focus groups\u2013 3 among women who had been screened, 3 among those who had not been screened, and 1 among men whose female partners had or had not been screened. We performed qualitative thematic analysis on the focus group data.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We identified several important factors impacting screening and the decision to screen among women, ranging from stigma, availability of screening, false beliefs around the procedure and side effects, and the role of spousal support in screening promotion. Male spousal perspectives for screening ranged from full support to hesitancy around male-performed exams and possible prolonged periods without intercourse.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This exploratory work demonstrates the importance of dialogue both among women and their male partners in enhancing screening uptake. Efforts to address screening uptake are necessary given that it is an important means of mitigating the burden of cervical cancer. Interventions along these lines need to take these barriers and facilitators into account in order to drive up demand for screening.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12671-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T09:03:13Z","timestamp":1722502993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Understanding women\u2019s and men\u2019s perspectives on cervical cancer screening in Uganda: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Bouskill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn J.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahlet","family":"Gizaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph KB","family":"Matovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margrethe","family":"Juncker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eve","family":"Namisango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Nakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolly","family":"Beyeza-Kashesya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Luyirika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoda K.","family":"Wanyenze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"12671_CR1","unstructured":"African Cancer Registry Network [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Dec 10]. Uganda - Kampala Cancer Registry. http:\/\/afcrn.org\/membership\/membership-list\/81-kampala-uganda."},{"key":"12671_CR2","unstructured":"Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Pi\u00f1eros M et al. Cancer today. 2018. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer today. https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/today\/."},{"key":"12671_CR3","unstructured":"International Agency of Cancer Registries [Internet]. 2018. Kampala Cancer Registry."},{"key":"12671_CR4","volume-title":"Kampala Cancer Registry report for the period 2007\u20132009","author":"H Wabinga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wabinga H, Parkin D, Nambooze S. Kampala Cancer Registry report for the period 2007\u20132009. Kampala, Uganda: Kampala Cancer Registry; 2012."},{"key":"12671_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2017.01.009","volume":"20","author":"C Nakisige","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakisige C, Schwartz M, Ndira AO. Cervical cancer screening and treatment in Uganda. Gynecologic Oncol Rep. 2017;20:37\u201340.","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"12671_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0809-z","volume":"19","author":"E Black","year":"2019","unstructured":"Black E, Hyslop F, Richmond R. Barriers and facilitators to uptake of cervical cancer screening among women in Uganda: a systematic review. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2019;19(1):108.","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"12671_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndejjo R, Mukama T, Musabyimana A, Musoke D. Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening and Associated Factors among Women in Rural Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study. Tornesello ML, editor. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(2):e0149696.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149696"},{"key":"12671_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the use of thermal ablation for cervical pre-cancer lesions [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019 [cited 2023 Dec 10]. 108 p. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/329299."},{"key":"12671_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105559","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1105559","volume":"11","author":"J Auma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Auma J, Ndawula A, Ackers-Johnson J, Horder C, Seekles M, Kaul V, et al. Task-shifting for point-of-care cervical cancer prevention in low- and middle-income countries: a case study from Uganda. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1105559.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"12671_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2023.09.950","volume":"26","author":"M Sultanov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sultanov M, Van Der Schans J, Koot JAR, De Zeeuw J, Nakisige C, Greuter MJW, et al. EE685 screen-and-treat Cervical Cancer Screening Strategy using high-risk HPV testing: early evaluation for Uganda. Value Health. 2023;26(12):S186.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"12671_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12444","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12444","volume":"26","author":"JNW Lim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim JNW, Ojo AA. Barriers to utilisation of cervical cancer screening in Sub Sahara Africa: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer Care. 2017;26(1):e12444.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"12671_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016282","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016282","volume":"7","author":"R Ndejjo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ndejjo R, Mukama T, Kiguli J, Musoke D. Knowledge, facilitators and barriers to cervical cancer screening among women in Uganda: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e016282.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"12671_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.12968\/ijpn.2021.27.9.450","volume":"27","author":"G Natuhwera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Natuhwera G, Ellis P, Acuda SW. Women\u2019s lived experiences of advanced cervical cancer: a descriptive qualitative study. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2021;27(9):450\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Palliat Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"12671_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29336","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v9.29336","volume":"9","author":"OT Hasahya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hasahya OT, Berggren V, Sematimba D, Nabirye RC, Kumakech E. Beliefs, perceptions and health-seeking behaviours in relation to cervical cancer: a qualitative study among women in Uganda following completion of an HPV vaccination campaign. Global Health Action. 2016;9(1):29336.","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"issue":"4","key":"12671_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czac104","volume":"38","author":"A Srinath","year":"2023","unstructured":"Srinath A, Van Merode F, Rao SV, Pavlova M. Barriers to cervical cancer and breast cancer screening uptake in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Health Policy Plann. 2023;38(4):509\u201327.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plann"},{"issue":"1","key":"12671_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-023-01094-3","volume":"22","author":"DD Atnafu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Atnafu DD, Khatri R, Assefa Y. Drivers of cervical cancer prevention and management in sub-saharan Africa: a qualitative synthesis of mixed studies. Health Res Policy Sys. 2024;22(1):21.","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Sys"},{"issue":"2","key":"12671_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-022-02163-x","volume":"38","author":"A Rawat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rawat A, Mithani N, Sanders C, Namugosa R, Payne B, Mitchell-Foster S, et al. We shall tell them with love, inform them what we have Learnt and then allow them to go - men\u2019s perspectives of self-collected cervical Cancer Screening in Rural Uganda: a qualitative Inquiry. J Canc Educ. 2023;38(2):618\u201324.","journal-title":"J Canc Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"12671_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-4-4","volume":"4","author":"T Mutyaba","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mutyaba T, Faxelid E, Mirembe F, Weiderpass E. Influences on uptake of reproductive health services in Nsangi community of Uganda and their implications for cervical cancer screening. Reprod Health. 2007;4(1):4.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"12671_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twinomujuni C, Nuwaha F, Babirye JN. Understanding the Low Level of Cervical Cancer Screening in Masaka Uganda Using the ASE Model: A Community-Based Survey. Favato G, editor. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6):e0128498.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128498"},{"issue":"S2","key":"12671_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.18-S2-6","volume":"18","author":"P Paul","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paul P, Winkler JL, Bartolini RM, Penny ME, Huong TT, Nga LT, et al. Screen-and-treat Approach to Cervical Cancer Prevention using Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid and Cryotherapy: experiences, perceptions, and Beliefs from Demonstration projects in Peru, Uganda, and Vietnam. Oncologist. 2013;18(S2):6\u201312.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"12671_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-14-193","volume":"14","author":"AD Mwaka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mwaka AD, Wabinga HR, Mayanja-Kizza H. Mind the gaps: a qualitative study of perceptions of healthcare professionals on challenges and proposed remedies for cervical cancer help-seeking in post conflict northern Uganda. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14(1):193.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"12671_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004783","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-004783","volume":"4","author":"FF Teng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teng FF, Mitchell SM, Sekikubo M, Biryabarema C, Byamugisha JK, Steinberg M, et al. Understanding the role of embarrassment in gynaecological screening: a qualitative study from the ASPIRE cervical cancer screening project in Uganda. BMJ Open. 2014;4(4):e004783.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"12671_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-022-01211-z","volume":"8","author":"RK Wanyenze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wanyenze RK, Matovu JKB, Bouskill K, Juncker M, Namisango E, Nakami S, et al. Social network-based group intervention to promote uptake of cervical cancer screening in Uganda: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2022;8(1):247.","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"12671_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-023-00418-6","volume":"46","author":"GJ Wagner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wagner GJ, Matovu JKB, Juncker M, Namisango E, Bouskill K, Nakami S, et al. Effects of a peer advocacy intervention on cervical cancer screening among social network members: results of a randomized controlled trial in Uganda. J Behav Med. 2023;46(6):930\u20139.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"12671_CR25","unstructured":"Dedoose. Los Angeles CA, SocioCultural Research Consultants LLC. 2016. (Web application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data)."},{"issue":"2","key":"12671_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NNR.0000313482.33917.7d","volume":"57","author":"L Burla","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burla L, Knierim B, Barth J, Liewald K, Duetz M, Abel T. From text to codings: Intercoder Reliability Assessment in qualitative content analysis. Nurs Res. 2008;57(2):113\u20137.","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"12671_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler-Kisber L, Qualitative Inquiry. Thematic, Narrative and Arts-Informed Perspectives [Internet]. 1 Oliver\u2019s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2010 [cited 2023 Dec 10]. https:\/\/methods.sagepub.com\/book\/qualitative-inquiry-thematic-narrative-and-arts-informed-perspectives.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526435408"},{"issue":"1","key":"12671_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X02239569","volume":"15","author":"GW Ryan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ryan GW, Bernard HR. Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods. 2003;15(1):85\u2013109.","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"12671_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4751","volume":"27","author":"AD Mwaka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mwaka AD, Okello ES, Wabinga H. Perceptions and beliefs of lay people from northern Uganda regarding surgery for diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer. Psycho-oncology. 2018;27(8):1965\u201370.","journal-title":"Psycho-oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"12671_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007690","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-007690","volume":"6","author":"AD Mwaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mwaka AD, Garimoi CO, Were EM, Roland M, Wabinga H, Lyratzopoulos G. Social, demographic and healthcare factors associated with stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer: cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital in Northern Uganda. BMJ Open. 2016;6(1):e007690.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12885-024-12671-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12885-024-12671-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12885-024-12671-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T09:06:12Z","timestamp":1722503172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccancer.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12885-024-12671-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-024-12671-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The study protocol was approved by the Makerere University School of Public Health Research and Ethics Committee, and Uganda National Council for Science and Technology. The approval number is: SPH-2021-103.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"933"}}