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Four different models [EfficientNet-b0 2D, dual-head ResNet_3D, a 3D model combining three features (3D_3F), and a 3D model combining 19 features (3D_19F)] were constructed to evaluate the invasiveness of pGGNs using the EfficientNet and ResNet networks. The Obuchowski index was used to evaluate the differences in diagnostic efficiency among the four models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The patients with pGGNs (360 men, 776 women; mean age, 54.63\u2009\u00b1\u200912.36 years) included 235 cases of AAH\u2009+\u2009AIS, 332 cases of MIA, and 569 cases of IAC. In the validation group, the areas under the curve in detecting the invasiveness of pGGNs as a three-category classification (AAH\u2009+\u2009AIS, MIA, IAC) were 0.8008, 0.8090, 0.8165, and 0.8158 for EfficientNet-b0 2D, dual-head ResNet_3D, 3D_3F, and 3D_19F, respectively, whereas the accuracies were 0.6422, 0.6158, 0.651, and 0.6364, respectively. The Obuchowski index revealed no significant differences in the diagnostic performance of the four models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The dual-head ResNet_3D_3F model had the highest diagnostic efficiency for evaluating the invasiveness of pGGNs in the four models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12823-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T08:02:18Z","timestamp":1725264138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of the invasiveness of pure ground-glass nodules based on dual-head ResNet technique"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Dengfa","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MinYi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongfeng","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengfeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meihua","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"12823_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.17.17857","volume":"209","author":"M Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li M, Narayan V, Gill RR, et al. 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