{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:38:46Z","timestamp":1792787926296,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":88,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. National Institutes of Health","award":["5D43TW011826-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5D43TW011826-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-026-16574-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:38:19Z","timestamp":1784212699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-risk human papillomavirus genotypes and associated clinical pathological factors among patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in north-western Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Oscar","family":"Ottoman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidelis","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Arnold","family":"Minja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crispin","family":"Mukerebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson R.","family":"Kidenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter F.","family":"Rambau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"16574_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12496","volume":"35","author":"T KANEKO","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaneko T, Suefuji H, Koto M, Demizu Y, Saitoh JI. Multicenter Study of Carbon-ion Radiotherapy for Oropharyngeal Non-squamous Cell Carcinoma. Vivo (Brooklyn). 2021;35(4):2239\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/invivo.12496.","journal-title":"Vivo (Brooklyn)"},{"key":"16574_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lim YX, D\u2019Silva NJ. HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: in search of surrogate biomarkers for early lesions. Oncogene. Springer Nature; 2024. pp. 543\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-023-02927-9 PubMed PMID: 38191674.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02927-9"},{"issue":"32","key":"16574_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.36.4596","volume":"29","author":"AK Chaturvedi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al. Human Papillomavirus and Rising Oropharyngeal Cancer Incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(32):4294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2011.36.4596.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"16574_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2021-0021-OA","volume":"146","author":"G Dapaah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dapaah G, Hille J, Faquin WC, Whittaker J, Dittrich CM, Ebrahim AK, et al. The Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus\u2013Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma at One of the Largest Tertiary Care Centres in Sub-Saharan Africa. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2022;146(8):1018\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/arpa.2021-0021-OA.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"16574_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.61148\/2766-8614\/JCCRCS\/165","volume":"10","author":"OM Kimario","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kimario OM. Epidemiological Patterns of Pharyngeal Malignancies in Tanzania: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Case Rep Clin Study. 2024;10(2):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61148\/2766-8614\/JCCRCS\/165.","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep Clin Study"},{"issue":"9","key":"16574_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.9.709","volume":"92","author":"ML Gillison","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gillison ML. Evidence for a Causal Association Between Human Papillomavirus and a Subset of Head and Neck Cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(9):709\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/92.9.709.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"16574_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C, Noone AM, Markowitz LE, Kohler B et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975\u20132009, Featuring the Burden and Trends in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)\u2013Associated Cancers and HPV Vaccination Coverage Levels. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2013;105(3):175\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djs491","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djs491"},{"key":"16574_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pytynia KB, Dahlstrom KR, Sturgis EM. Epidemiology of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncology. Elsevier Ltd; 2014:380\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2013.12.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2013.12.019"},{"issue":"36","key":"16574_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.50.3870","volume":"31","author":"AK Chaturvedi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Lortet-Tieulent J, Curado MP, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, et al. Worldwide Trends in Incidence Rates for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(36):4550\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2013.50.3870.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"32","key":"16574_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO","volume":"29","author":"AK Chaturvedi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(32):4294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO. 2011.36.4596 PubMed PMID: 21969503.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"16574_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.04.027","volume":"134","author":"M Zamani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zamani M, Gr\u00f8nh\u00f8j C, Jensen DH, Carlander AF, Agander T, Kiss K, et al. The current epidemic of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: An 18-year Danish population-based study with 2,169 patients. Eur J Cancer. 2020;134:52\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.04.027.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"16574_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0038","volume":"28","author":"BA Mahal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahal BA, Catalano PJ, Haddad RI, Hanna GJ, Kass JI, Schoenfeld JD, et al. Incidence and Demographic Burden of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Head and Neck Cancers in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019;28(10):1660\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0038.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"16574_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.3067","volume":"3","author":"G D\u2019Souza","year":"2017","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza G, Westra WH, Wang SJ, van Zante A, Wentz A, Kluz N, et al. Differences in the Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancers by Sex, Race, Anatomic Tumour Site, and HPV Detection Method. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(2):169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.3067.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912217","volume":"363","author":"KK Ang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, Weber R, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-T\u00e2n PF, et al. Human Papillomavirus and Survival of Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):24\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0912217.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"16574_CR15","unstructured":"Cardoso JC, Calonje E. Cutaneous manifestations of human papillomaviruses: A review. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2011;20(3). https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22131115\/."},{"key":"16574_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101640","author":"S Hussain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussain S, Rani J, Tulsyan S, Sisodiya S, Chikara A, Nazir SU, et al. Influence of HPV infection in oesophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gene Rep. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101640.","journal-title":"Gene Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"16574_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.05.01","volume":"33","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li J, Xu J, Zheng Y, Gao Y, He S, Li H, et al. Oesophageal cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening. Chin J Cancer Res. 2021;33(5):535\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.05.01.","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res"},{"key":"16574_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khodahemmati S, Ghaffar M, Li JT, Zhou ZX, Zeng Y. Analysis of TP53 mutations and HPV infection in oesophageal cancer. ACM Int Conf Proc Ser. 2018;128\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3278198.3281582.","DOI":"10.1145\/3278198.3281582"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.34171\/mjiri.35.65","volume":"35","author":"M Soheili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soheili M, Keyvani H, Soheili M, Nasseri S. Human papillomavirus: A review study of epidemiology, carcinogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment of all HPV-related cancers. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2021;35(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34171\/mjiri.35.65.","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"16574_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-022-00442-2","author":"P Swai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swai P, Rasch V, Linde DS, Mchome B, Manongi R, Wu C, Sen, et al. Persistence and risk factors of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among HIV positive and HIV negative tanzanian women: a cohort study. Infect Agents Cancer. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13027-022-00442-2.","journal-title":"Infect Agents Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"16574_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-015-0039-3","volume":"2","author":"E Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim E, Ilagan JO, Liang Y, Daubner GM, Stanley C, Ramakrishnan A, et al. HPV infections and the importance of HPV vaccination. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2015;2(2):101\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-015-0039-3. Human PubMed PMID: 24655651.","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050","volume":"26","author":"Z Qi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qi Z, Jiang Q, Yang J, Chen X, Wu H, Huang L, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Oesophagus. 2013;26(1):61\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-2050. 2012.01334.x PubMed PMID: 22404505.","journal-title":"Dis Oesophagus"},{"key":"16574_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mansouri H, Mnango LF, Magorosa EP, Sauli E, Mpolya EA. Ki-67, p53, and BCL-2 Expression and Their Association with Clinical Histopathology of Breast Cancer among Women in Tanzania. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46184-x.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46184-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"16574_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2011.11.001","volume":"113","author":"WL Dissanayaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dissanayaka WL, Pitiyage G, Kumarasiri PVR, Liyanage RLPR, Dias KD, Tilakaratne WM. Clinical and histopathologic parameters in the survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;113(4):518\u201325. PubMed PMID: 22668430.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"16574_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Woolgar JA. Histopathological prognosticators in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2006;229\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2005.05.008 . PubMed PMID: 16150633.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2005.05.008"},{"key":"16574_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panarese I, Aquino G, Ronchi A, Longo F, Montella M, Cozzolino I, et al. Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Prognostic and Predictive Parameters in the Etiopathogenetic Pathway. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. Taylor and Francis Ltd; 2019. pp. 105\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737140.2019.1561288 . PubMed PMID: 30582397.","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2019.1561288"},{"issue":"4","key":"16574_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810380399","volume":"48","author":"ATA Weiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weiss ATA, Delcour NM, Meyer A, Klopfleisch R. Efficient and cost-effective extraction of genomic DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Vet Pathol. 2011;48(4):834\u20138. doi:10.1177\/0300985810380399 PubMed PMID: 20817894.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12657-0","volume":"24","author":"LM Ndemela","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ndemela LM, Ottoman OM, Chitemo HD, Minja CA, Rambau PF, Kidenya BR. Epidemiological distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes and associated factors among patients with oesophageal carcinoma at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania. BMC Cancer. 2024;24(1):932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-024-12657-0.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"16574_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810380399","volume":"48","author":"ATA Weiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weiss ATA, Delcour NM, Meyer A, Klopfleisch R. Efficient and Cost-Effective Extraction of Genomic DNA From Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissues. Vet Pathol. 2011;48(4):834\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300985810380399.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"16574_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-1578(10)60535-1","volume":"6","author":"JL Ryan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ryan JL, Fan H, Glaser SL, Schichman SA, Raab-Traub N, Gulley ML. Epstein-Barr Virus Quantitation by Real-Time PCR Targeting Multiple Gene Segments. J Mol Diagn. 2004;6(4):378\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1525-1578(10)60535-1.","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"key":"16574_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seegene, Anyplex. TM II HPV 28Detection. v2.09. 2021. 70 p. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13027-026-00754-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-026-00754-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"16574_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563215614036","volume":"53","author":"DH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee DH, Hwang NR, Lim MC, Yoo CW, Joo J, Kim JY, et al. Comparison of the performance of Anyplex II HPV HR, the Cobas 4800 human papillomavirus test and Hybrid Capture 2. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. Int J Lab Med. 2016;53(5):561\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004563215614036.","journal-title":"Int J Lab Med"},{"key":"16574_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02896","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang X, Huang X, Zhang Y. Involvement of human papillomaviruses in cervical cancer. Front Microbiol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02896.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"16574_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00603-7","volume":"19","author":"M Lechner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lechner M, Liu J, Masterson L, Fenton TR. HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2022;19(5):306\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41571-022-00603-7.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"16574_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30716","volume":"141","author":"C de Martel","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017;141(4):664\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.30716.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"16574_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-025-01656-4","volume":"27","author":"AM Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen AM. Epidemiological Trends in the Characterisation of Human Papillomavirus-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Global Perspective. Curr Oncol Rep. 2025;27(12):1395\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11912-025-01656-4.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"16574_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nkya A, Xu MJ, Philipo GS, Haddadi S, Ng D, Mushi BP, et al. Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus and Associated Risk Factors Among Individuals With Head and Neck Cancer in a National Referral Centre in Tanzania. JCO Glob Oncol. 2026;12(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/GO-25-00596.","DOI":"10.1200\/GO-25-00596"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-025-00691-x","volume":"20","author":"AM Biira","year":"2025","unstructured":"Biira AM, Kintu C, Nkamba E, Kamulegeya A, Louis M, Odida M. Genotyping HPV 16 and 18 in oral and oropharyngeal cancer: uncovering HIV as a key risk factor in a Ugandan cohort. Infect Agent Cancer. 2025;20(1):65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13027-025-00691-x.","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"16574_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2355","volume":"44","author":"T DALIANIS","year":"2014","unstructured":"DALIANIS T. Human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer: the epidemics and significance of additional clinical biomarkers for prediction of response to therapy. Int J Oncol. 2014;44(6):1799\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijo.2014.2355.","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"16574_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhanuthai K, Rojanawatsirivej S, Thosaporn W, Kintarak S, Subarnbhesaj A, Darling M, et al. Oral cancer: A multicenter study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;0\u20130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/medoral.21999.","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.21999"},{"key":"16574_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leal SM, Gulley ML. Current and Emerging Molecular Tests for Human Papillomavirus\u2013Related Neoplasia in the Genomic Era. J Mol Diagnostics Elsevier B V. 2017;366\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2017.01.006 . PubMed PMID: 28325688.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2017.01.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"16574_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2478\/amma-2023-0005","volume":"69","author":"YJ Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan YJ, Hou KWS, Lin GSS, Wun JLS, Nasir WNAWAA, Ko LWL. Prevalence of human Papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal and oral squamous cell carcinoma in Asian countries: A systematic review and large-scale meta-analysis. Acta Marisiensis - Serie Med. 2023;69(2):77\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/amma-2023-0005.","journal-title":"Acta Marisiensis - Serie Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-12198-2","volume":"25","author":"IG Munabi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Munabi IG, Kamulegeya A, Kalanzi D, Kateete DP, Semitala FC, Mwesigwa CL, et al. High prevalence and atypical genotype distribution of oral human Papillomavirus in an East African HIV cohort: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25(1):1818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-025-12198-2.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-041424","volume":"18","author":"RL Ferris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferris RL, Westra W. Oropharyngeal Carcinoma with a Special Focus on HPV-Related Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Annu Rev Pathol. 2023;18(1):515\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-041424.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5894-8","volume":"19","author":"K van Gysen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Gysen K, Stevens M, Guo L, Jayamanne D, Veivers D, Wignall A, et al. Validation of the 8th edition UICC\/AJCC TNM staging system for HPV associated oropharyngeal cancer patients managed with contemporary chemo-radiotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-019-5894-8.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"16574_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2016.09.004","volume":"62","author":"BH Haughey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haughey BH, Sinha P, Kallogjeri D, Goldberg RL, Lewis JS, Piccirillo JF, et al. Pathology-based staging for HPV-positive squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx. Oral Oncol. 2016;62:11\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2016.09.004.","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"15suppl","key":"16574_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.6049","volume":"39","author":"LX Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin LX, Rivera M, Garc\u00eda JJ, Bartemes K, Lewis DB, Lohse CM, et al. The impact of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) on disease progression in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(15suppl):6049\u20136049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.6049.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"16574_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17030357","volume":"17","author":"BF Garb","year":"2025","unstructured":"Garb BF, Mohebbi E, Lawas M, Xia S, Maag G, Ahn PH, et al. Risk Stratification in HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer: Limitations of Current Approaches and the Search for Better Solutions. Cancers (Basel). 2025;17(3):357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17030357.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"68","key":"16574_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33011","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26041","volume":"9","author":"S Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta S, Kumar P, Kaur H, Sharma N, Gupta S, Saluja D, et al. Constitutive activation and overexpression of NF-\u03baB\/c-Rel in conjunction with p50 contribute to aggressive tongue tumorigenesis. Oncotarget. 2018;9(68):33011\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.26041.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2020.100919","volume":"14","author":"S Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta S, Kumar P, Das BC. HPV+ve\/\u2013ve oral-tongue cancer stem cells: A potential target for relapse-free therapy. Transl Oncol. 2021;14(1):100919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tranon.2020.100919.","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"16574_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22262","volume":"119","author":"A Mishra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mishra A, Bharti AC, Varghese P, Saluja D, Das BC. Differential expression and activation of NF-\u03baB family proteins during oral carcinogenesis: Role of high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(12):2840\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.22262.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"16574_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo F, Chang M, Scholl M, McKinnon B, Berenson AB. Trends in Oropharyngeal Cancer Incidence Among Adult Men and Women in the United States From 2001 to 2018. Front Oncol. 2022;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.926555.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.926555"},{"issue":"8","key":"16574_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.12.025","volume":"66","author":"OA Effiom","year":"2008","unstructured":"Effiom OA, Adeyemo WL, Omitola OG, Ajayi OF, Emmanuel MM, Gbotolorun OM. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic Review of 233 Cases in Lagos, Nigeria. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(8):1595\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2007.12.025.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11526-6","volume":"23","author":"C Klasen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klasen C, Wuerdemann N, Rothbart P, Prinz J, Eckel HNC, Suchan M, et al. Sex-specific aspects in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a bicentric cohort study. BMC Cancer. 2023;23(1):1054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-023-11526-6.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"16574_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.2784","volume":"143","author":"N Osazuwa-Peters","year":"2017","unstructured":"Osazuwa-Peters N, Adjei Boakye E, Chen BY, Clancy J, Vallot PL, Su JL, et al. Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Knowledge and Risk Perception of Human Papillomavirus and Human Papillomavirus\u2013Associated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Among a Predominantly Black Population. JAMA Otolaryngology\u2013Head Neck Surg. 2017;143(2):117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.2784.","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngology\u2013Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"16574_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. Risk Factors for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19424396.2021.12222685.","DOI":"10.1080\/19424396.2021.12222685"},{"issue":"8","key":"16574_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-023-02336-8","volume":"28","author":"H Shinomiya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shinomiya H, Nibu KI. Aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol. 2023;28(8):975\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10147-023-02336-8.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"16574_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15164080","volume":"15","author":"S Ndon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ndon S, Singh A, Ha PK, Aswani J, Chan JYK, Xu MJ. Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer: Global Epidemiology and Public Policy Implications. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(16):4080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15164080.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"16574_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.152","volume":"30","author":"JS Lewis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lewis JS. Morphologic diversity in human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Catch Me If You Can! Mod Pathol. 2017;30:S44\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.2016.152.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"16574_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dongre HN, Haave H, Fromreide S, Erland FA, Moe SEE, Dhayalan SM, et al. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing of Cancer-Related Genes in a Norwegian Patient Cohort With Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reveals Novel Actionable Mutations and Correlations With Pathological Parameters. Front Oncol. 2021;11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.734134.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.734134"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41199-016-0007-8","volume":"1","author":"CE Fundakowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fundakowski CE, Lango M. Considerations in surgical versus non-surgical management of HPV positive oropharyngeal cancer. Cancers Head Neck. 2016;1(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41199-016-0007-8.","journal-title":"Cancers Head Neck"},{"issue":"11","key":"16574_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-017-2481-8","volume":"143","author":"HC Ko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ko HC, Harari PM, Sacotte RM, Chen S, Wieland AM, Yu M, et al. Prognostic implications of human papillomavirus status for patients with non-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143(11):2341\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-017-2481-8.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"16574_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02481-4","volume":"41","author":"A Tosi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tosi A, Parisatto B, Menegaldo A, Spinato G, Guido M, Del Mistro A, et al. The immune microenvironment of HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a multiparametric quantitative and spatial analysis reveals a rationale for targeting treatment-na\u00efve tumours with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Experimental Clin Cancer Res. 2022;41(1):279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13046-022-02481-4.","journal-title":"J Experimental Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"16574_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2009.11.004","volume":"46","author":"G D\u2019Souza","year":"2010","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza G, Zhang HH, D\u2019Souza WD, Meyer RR, Gillison ML. Moderate predictive value of demographic and behavioural characteristics for a diagnosis of HPV16-positive and HPV16-negative head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(2):100\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2009.11.004.","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"16574_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2015.06.005","volume":"51","author":"KR Dahlstrom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dahlstrom KR, Bell D, Hanby D, Li G, Wang LE, Wei Q, et al. Socioeconomic characteristics of patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma according to tumour HPV status, patient smoking status, and sexual behaviour. Oral Oncol. 2015;51(9):832\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2015.06.005.","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"16574_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140700","volume":"10","author":"R Kumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumar R, Rai AK, Das D, Das R, Kumar RS, Sarma A, et al. Alcohol and Tobacco Increase the Risk of High-Risk HPV Infection in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A study from the North-East Region of India. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(10):e0140700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140700.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["BMC Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12885-026-16574-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12885-026-16574-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12885-026-16574-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:01:47Z","timestamp":1791835307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12885-026-16574-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["16574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-026-16574-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the joint CUHAS\/BMC Research and Ethics Review Committee (CREC) with reference number 633\/2022 and by the Lake Zone Institutional Review Board with reference number MR\/53\/100\/727. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1215"}}