{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:47:28Z","timestamp":1788212848144,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"1351 talent training plan of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital","award":["CYXX-2017-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYXX-2017-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1189-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T09:03:41Z","timestamp":1565946221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Choroidal structural changes correlate with severity of diabetic retinopathy in diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3369-7","volume":"57","author":"S Zoungas","year":"2014","unstructured":"for the ADVANCE Collaborative group, Zoungas S, Woodward M, Li Q, Cooper ME, Hamet P, et al. Impact of age, age at diagnosis and duration of diabetes on the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications and death in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2014;57:2465\u201374.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1189_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 1):S62\u20137.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S062"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1189_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2007.S99","volume":"26","author":"DS Fong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fong DS, Aiello L, Gardner TW, King GL, Blankenship G, Cavallerano JD, et al. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(Suppl 1):S99\u2013102.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1189_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","volume":"376","author":"N Cheung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet Lond Engl. 2010;376:124\u201336.","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"1189_CR5","first-page":"440","volume":"100","author":"EM Kohner","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kohner EM, Porta M. Vascular abnormalities in diabetes and their treatment. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1980;100:440\u20134.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K"},{"key":"1189_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)34013-7","volume":"92","author":"AA Hidayat","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hidayat AA, Fine BS. Diabetic choroidopathy. Light and electron microscopic observations of seven cases. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:512\u201322.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1189_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5196","volume":"51","author":"M Esmaeelpour","year":"2010","unstructured":"Esmaeelpour M, Povazay B, Hermann B, Hofer B, Kajic V, Kapoor K, et al. Three-dimensional 1060-nm OCT: choroidal thickness maps in normal subjects and improved posterior segment visualization in cataract patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:5260\u20136.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1189_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6017","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9692","volume":"53","author":"G Querques","year":"2012","unstructured":"Querques G, Lattanzio R, Querques L, Del Turco C, Forte R, Pierro L, et al. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in type 2 diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:6017\u201324.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1189_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1160_17","volume":"66","author":"MA Rasheed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rasheed MA, Goud A, Mohamed A, Vupparaboina KK, Chhablani J. Change in choroidal vascularity in acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66:530\u20134.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1189_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.009","volume":"120","author":"J Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu J, Xu L, Du KF, Shao L, Chen CX, Zhou JQ, et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:2023\u20138.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"1189_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14447","volume":"55","author":"S Sonoda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonoda S, Sakamoto T, Yamashita T, Shirasawa M, Uchino E, Terasaki H, et al. Choroidal structure in normal eyes and after photodynamic therapy determined by binarization of optical coherence tomographic images. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:3893\u20139.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1189_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.03.005","volume":"159","author":"S Sonoda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sonoda S, Sakamoto T, Yamashita T, Uchino E, Kawano H, Yoshihara N, et al. Luminal and stromal areas of choroid determined by binarization method of optical coherence tomographic images. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159:1123\u201331.e1.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1189_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agrawal R, Gupta P, Tan K-A, Cheung CMG, Wong T-Y, Cheng C-Y. Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study. Sci Rep. 2016;6. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep21090\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21090"},{"key":"1189_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim M, Ha MJ, Choi SY, Park Y-H. Choroidal vascularity index in type-2 diabetes analyzed by swept-source optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep. 2018;8. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-18511-7\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18511-7"},{"key":"1189_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6827","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12654","volume":"54","author":"D Jee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jee D, Lee WK, Kang S. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: the Korea National Health and nutrition examination survey 2008-2011. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:6827\u201333.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"122","key":"1189_CR16","first-page":"552","volume":"2004","author":"JH Kempen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kempen JH, O\u2019Colmain BJ, Leske MC, Haffner SM, Klein R, Moss SE, et al. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol Chic Ill. 1960;2004(122):552\u201363.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol Chic Ill"},{"key":"1189_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.08.063","volume":"141","author":"TY Wong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wong TY, Klein R, Islam FMA, Cotch MF, Folsom AR, Klein BEK, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in a multi-ethnic cohort in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141:446\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1189_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.032","volume":"146","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Koizumi H, Pozzoni MC, Pozonni MC. Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146:496\u2013500.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1189_CR19","first-page":"613","volume":"10","author":"Z-J Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen Z-J, Yang X-F, Xu J, She C-Y, Wei W-W, Zhu W-L, et al. Association of choroidal thickness with early stages of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Int J Ophthalmol. 2017;10:613\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1189_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.038","volume":"121","author":"LB Farias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farias LB, Lavinsky D, Schneider WM, Guimar\u00e3es L, Lavinsky J, Canani LH. Choroidal thickness in patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2071\u20133.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"1189_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11503","volume":"54","author":"JT Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim JT, Lee DH, Joe SG, Kim J-G, Yoon YH. Changes in choroidal thickness in relation to the severity of retinopathy and macular edema in type 2 diabetic patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:3378\u201384.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1189_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2013.27.6.433","volume":"27","author":"HK Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee HK, Lim JW, Shin MC. Comparison of choroidal thickness in patients with diabetes by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Korean J Ophthalmol KJO. 2013;27:433\u20139.","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol KJO"},{"key":"1189_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31825db73d","volume":"32","author":"S Vujosevic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vujosevic S, Martini F, Cavarzeran F, Pilotto E, Midena E. Macular and peripapillary choroidal thickness in diabetic patients. Retina Phila Pa. 2012;32:1781\u201390.","journal-title":"Retina Phila Pa"},{"key":"1189_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0077","volume":"45","author":"HI Savage","year":"2004","unstructured":"Savage HI, Hendrix JW, Peterson DC, Young H, Wilkinson CP. Differences in pulsatile ocular blood flow among three classifications of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:4504\u20139.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1189_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0908432","volume":"365","author":"NM Bressler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bressler NM, Beck RW, Ferris FL. Panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1520\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1189_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.124099","volume":"91","author":"MJ Gallagher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gallagher MJ, Yilmaz T, Cervantes-Casta\u00f1eda RA, Foster CS. The characteristic features of optical coherence tomography in posterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1680\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1189_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.1724","volume":"131","author":"PA Keane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keane PA, Allie M, Turner SJ, Southworth HS, Sadda SR, Murray PI, et al. Characterization of birdshot chorioretinopathy using extramacular enhanced depth optical coherence tomography. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:341\u201350.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1189_CR28","first-page":"756","volume":"23","author":"RW Flower","year":"2000","unstructured":"Flower RW, Lim JI. An ICG angiogram-based clinical method for characterizing the choroidal circulation used to assess the hemorrheologic effects of pentoxifylline. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2000;23:756\u201362.","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"1189_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2012.708813","volume":"27","author":"RS Hunter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hunter RS, Skondra D, Papaliodis G, Sobrin L. Role of OCT in the diagnosis and management of macular edema from uveitis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2012;27:236\u201341.","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1189_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.066","volume":"120","author":"LA Branchini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Branchini LA, Adhi M, Regatieri CV, Nandakumar N, Liu JJ, Laver N, et al. Analysis of choroidal morphologic features and vasculature in healthy eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:1901\u20138.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"1189_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146344","volume":"11","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agrawal R, Salman M, Tan K-A, Karampelas M, Sim DA, Keane PA, et al. Choroidal vascularity index (CVI) - a novel optical coherence tomography parameter for monitoring patients with Panuveitis? PLoS One. 2016;11:e0146344.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1189_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e612","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13044","volume":"94","author":"K-A Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan K-A, Laude A, Yip V, Loo E, Wong EP, Agrawal R. Choroidal vascularity index - a novel optical coherence tomography parameter for disease monitoring in diabetes mellitus? Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94:e612\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1189_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e597","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13399","volume":"95","author":"Lilian Hui Li Koh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koh LHL, Agrawal R, Khandelwal N, Sai Charan L, Chhablani J. Choroidal vascular changes in age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.13399\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"1189_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6488","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9758","volume":"53","author":"ER Muir","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muir ER, Renter\u00eda RC, Duong TQ. Reduced ocular blood flow as an early indicator of diabetic retinopathy in a mouse model of diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:6488\u201394.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1189_CR35","first-page":"707","volume":"151","author":"GA Lutty","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lutty GA, Cao J, McLeod DS. Relationship of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to capillary dropout in the human diabetic choroid. Am J Pathol. 1997;151:707\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1189_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.035345","volume":"88","author":"T Nagaoka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nagaoka T, Kitaya N, Sugawara R, Yokota H, Mori F, Hikichi T, et al. Alteration of choroidal circulation in the foveal region in patients with type 2 diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:1060\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-019-1189-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-019-1189-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-019-1189-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T19:17:37Z","timestamp":1597432657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-019-1189-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-019-1189-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.489\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.489\/v4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.489\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.489\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the local ethics committee of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital and with the 2013 Helsinki declaration. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"186"}}