{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:38:43Z","timestamp":1782520723548,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615680000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To report the structure and visual outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for laser-induced full-thickness macular holes (MHs).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective study enrolled 10 patients who underwent vitrectomy for MHs caused by laser injury. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) were used for assessment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Four patients were injured by unexpected expose of an yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser, and six patients were accidentally injured by a handheld laser. The MH minimum diameters (MDs) ranged from 55 to 966\u2009\u03bcm (mean\u2009=\u2009548.00\u2009\u00b1\u2009286.10\u2009\u03bcm), and BCVA ranged from 20\/400 to 20\/50 (mean\u2009=\u2009logMAR 0.87\u2009\u00b1\u20090.29) preoperatively. All 10 eyes underwent PPV, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, and gas tamponade. All eyes demonstrated closure of the MH with different degrees of discontinuity of the outer layer of the retina, and four eyes exhibited serious retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) destruction. Postoperative BCVA values were significantly improved (mean\u2009=\u2009logMAR 0.55\u2009\u00b1\u20090.33; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032, t\u2009=\u20092.234). The mean BCVA of the destroyed RPE group was significantly worse than that of the non-destroyed RPE group both before and after surgery (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019; Wilcoxon signed rank test). Further, OCTA indicated choroidal ischemia in the laser-induced MHs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Vitrectomy can be successful in closing laser-induced full-thickness MHs and improving visual acuity. However, If RPE\/choroid is involved in laser damage in addition to the outer retinal layer, this may indicate poor visual prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-01893-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T03:02:16Z","timestamp":1615690936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Vitrectomy for laser-induced full-thickness macular hole"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gezhi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9930","key":"1893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60757-1","volume":"383","author":"P Petrou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petrou P, Patwary S, Banerjee PJ, Kirkby GR. Bilateral macular hole from a handheld laser pointer. Lancet. 2014;383(9930):1780.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1893_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Androudi S, Papageorgiou E. Macular hole from a laser pointer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(25):2420\u20130.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1714488"},{"key":"1893_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.07.001","volume":"19","author":"Y Shuai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shuai Y, Chen X, Fang W, Li J, Ge W, Yuan S, et al. Focal choroidal excavation and a traumatic macular hole secondary to accidental Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2017;19:345\u20137.","journal-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1893_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.04.014","volume":"160","author":"SM Alsulaiman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alsulaiman SM, Alrushood AA, Almasaud J, Alkharashi AS, Alzahrani Y, Abboud EB, et al. Full-thickness macular hole secondary to High-power handheld blue laser: natural history and Management outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160(1):107\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1893_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.41","volume":"31","author":"Y Qi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qi Y, Wang Y, You Q, Tsai F, Liu W. Surgical treatment and optical coherence tomographic evaluation for accidental laser-induced full-thickness macular holes. Eye (Lond). 2017;31(7):1078\u201384.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"1893_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"00","author":"BW Botsford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Botsford BW, Williams AM, Martel JN. High-powered blue-light laser-induced MACULOPATHY in an adolescent: multi-modal imaging, evolution, and MANAGEMENT. Retinal Cases Brief Rep. 2020;00:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Retinal Cases Brief Rep"},{"issue":"47","key":"1893_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18185","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018185","volume":"98","author":"YH Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang YH, Chung YT, Kim BK, Moon JH, Mun SJ. Inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique and an autologous platelet concentrate to treat an Nd:YAG laser-induced macular hole. A case report. Medicine. 2019;98(47):e18185.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"1893_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.02.011","volume":"117","author":"Z Michalewska","year":"2010","unstructured":"Michalewska Z, Michalewski J, Adelman RA, Nawrocki J. Inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for large macular holes. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(10):2018\u201325.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1893_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00112-0","volume":"44","author":"Y Barkana","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barkana Y, Belkin M. Laser eye injuries. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;44(6):459\u201378.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1893_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.8.1210","volume":"122","author":"MA Mainster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mainster MA. Assessment of alleged retinal laser injuries. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(8):1210\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1893_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.09.006","volume":"121","author":"SM Alsulaiman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alsulaiman SM, Alrushood AA, Almasaud J, Alzaaidi S, Alzahrani Y, Arevalo JF, et al. High-power handheld blue laser-induced Maculopathy. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(2):566\u201372.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1893_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.08.027","volume":"171","author":"N Raoof","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raoof N, Bradley P, Theodorou M, Moore AT, Michaelides M. The new pretender: a large UK case series of retinal injuries in children secondary to handheld lasers. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;171:88\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1893_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1005818","volume":"363","author":"S Wyrsch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wyrsch S, Baenninger PB, Schmid MK. Retinal injuries from a handheld laser pointer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(11):1089\u201391.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1893_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.315","volume":"28","author":"N Raoof","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raoof N, Chan TK, Rogers NK, Abdullah W, Haq I, Kelly SP, et al. 'Toy' laser macular burns in children. Eye (Lond). 2014;28(2):231\u20134.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1893_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02075-5","volume":"135","author":"R Sou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sou R, Kusaka S, Ohji M, Gomi F, Ikuno Y, Tano Y. Optical coherence tomographic evaluation of a surgically treated traumatic macular hole secondary to Nd:YAG laser injury. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(4):537\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1893_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000397","volume":"34","author":"GD Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee GD, Baumal CR, Lally D, Pitcher JD, Vander J, Duker JS. Retinal injury after inadvertent handheld laser exposure. Retina. 2014;34(12):2388\u201396.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"11","key":"1893_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0830-3","volume":"34","author":"K Tran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tran K, Wang D, Scharf J, Sadda S, Sarraf D. Inner choroidal ischaemia and CNV due to handheld laser-induced maculopathy: a case report and review. Eye. 2020;34(11):1958\u201365.","journal-title":"Eye"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-021-01893-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-021-01893-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-021-01893-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T14:02:15Z","timestamp":1615730535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-021-01893-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-021-01893-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University. Each patient or his\/her legal representative signed the informed consent under the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"135"}}