{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T11:35:38Z","timestamp":1776684938392,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1F1A1072382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1F1A1072382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A retrospective review of the medical records was performed on patients with THS between March 2016 and January 2020. A total of eleven patients fulfilling the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3 beta) diagnostic criteria for THS were included in this study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The average age of the patients with THS was 57.18\u2009\u00b1\u200915.32 years and the mean duration of recovery was 26.91\u2009\u00b1\u200924.35 days. All eleven patients had orbital or periorbital pain as the first symptom followed by diplopia. Ptosis was found in five patients (45.45\u2009%) in the involved eye. Sixth cranial nerve (CN) palsy was most common (eight cases, 72.73\u2009%), followed by third and fourth CN palsy (five cases, 45.45\u2009%, respectively), optic neuritis (two cases, 18.18\u2009%), and trigeminal nerve and facial nerve palsy (one case, 9.09\u2009%, respectively). One patient with optic neuritis failed to recover visual acuity and the other ten patients completely recovered their ocular motor limitation. All patients were initially treated with steroids. One patient relapsed after five weeks and one patient had a history of THS five years earlier.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>THS responded well to steroid treatment, but if it was accompanied by optic neuritis as optic nerve involvement, we suggest follow-up with high dose steroid treatment especially was important.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02007-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:13:22Z","timestamp":1622160802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The clinical features and outcomes of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hyuna","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin Yeop","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2007_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.17.4.300","volume":"17","author":"E Tolosa","year":"1954","unstructured":"Tolosa E. Periarteritic lesions of the carotid siphon with the clinical features of a carotid infraclinoidal aneurysm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1954;17:300\u20132.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2007_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.11.1.56","volume":"11","author":"WE Hunt","year":"1961","unstructured":"Hunt WE, Meagher JN, LeFever HE, Zeman W. Painful opthalmoplegia. Its relation to indolent inflammation of the carvernous sinus. Neurology. 1961;11:56\u201362.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2007_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01569.x","volume":"28","author":"S Colnaghi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Colnaghi S, Versino M, Marchioni E, Pichiecchio A, Bastianello S, Cosi V, et al. ICHD-II diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in idiopathic inflammatory syndromes of the orbit and\/or the cavernous sinus. Cephalagia. 2008;28:577\u201384.","journal-title":"Cephalagia"},{"key":"2007_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2006.01115.x","volume":"26","author":"L LaMantia","year":"2006","unstructured":"LaMantia L, Curone M, Rapaport AM, Bussone G. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: critical literature review based on HIS 2004 criteria. Cephalagia. 2006;26:772\u201381.","journal-title":"Cephalagia"},{"key":"2007_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalagia. 2013;33:629\u2013808.","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658"},{"key":"2007_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2124-2","volume":"36","author":"R Hao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hao R, He Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Li X, Ke Y. The evaluation of ICHD-3 beta diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: a study of 22 cases of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Neurol Sci. 2015;36:899\u2013905.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2007_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413520082","volume":"34","author":"X Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhou Z, Steiner TJ, Zhang W, Liu R, Dong Z, et al. Validation of ICHD-3 beta diagnostic criteria for 13.7 Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: Analysis of 77 cases of painful ophthalmoplegia. Cephalagia. 2014;34:624\u201332.","journal-title":"Cephalagia"},{"key":"2007_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-009-0067-1","volume":"30","author":"M Curone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Curone M, Tullo V, Cecchini AP, Peccarisi C, Leone M, Bussone G. Painful ophthalmoplegia: a retrospective study of 23 cases. Neurol Sci. 2009;30:133\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2007_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0818-x","volume":"249","author":"C Wasmeier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wasmeier C, Pfadenhauer K, Rosler A. Idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome\u2013are they the same disease? J Neurol. 2002;249:1237\u201341.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2007_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.5.577","volume":"71","author":"LB Kline","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kline LB, Hoyt WF. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001; 71:577\u201382.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02007-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02007-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02007-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:13:48Z","timestamp":1622160828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02007-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02007-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The IRB for Human studies at Samsung Changwon Hospital (Changwon, Republic of Korea) reviewed and approved this study protocol (IRB No. 2020-06-014). Informed consent was obtained from all patients (retrospective study).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The author declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"237"}}