{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:20:26Z","timestamp":1774272026997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ocular parasitosis can cause eye damage, which contribute to eye symptoms such as burning, itching and even blindness. It is uncommon to see the parasitosis lying in the sclera layer, neither it causing pterygium. Here, we present an unusual case of a secondary pterygium caused by intrascleral worm.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 52-year-old women complained about discomfort in right eye for 6\u2009years. Slit-lamp examination indicated a thickened triangular layers of conjunctiva extending from the nasal edge to the cornea. The diagnosis was pterygium in the right eye. To our surprise, after scleral of nasal side exposed, we could see a tiny fistula right in the sclera which lied right under the pterygium, with an alive and motile worm inside. An intrascleral fistula was noted. Then the worm was removed by forceps from the fistula, which was creamy white, thread-like and 1\u2009cm long.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>As far as we known, it is the first case of an intrascleral worm hidden beneath the conjunctiva which caused the secondary pterygium. It is hard to know the etiology of the secondary pterygium which caused by parasitosis in the scleral fistula untill excision surgery. It is hard to imagine the worm was living in the sclera of the patient for a long-time.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02083-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T12:03:19Z","timestamp":1630929799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case report: an unusual unilateral pterygium \u2014 a secondary pterygium caused by parasitosis in the scleral fistula"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianghui","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4441-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenmin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2083_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.09.005","volume":"62","author":"TR Padhi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Padhi TR, Das S, Sharma S, et al. Ocular parasitoses: A comprehensive review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2017;62:161\u201389.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2083_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.610024","volume":"19","author":"SR Rathinam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rathinam SR, Annamalai R, Biswas J. Intraocular parasitic infections. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011;19:327\u201336.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2083_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587402","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/587402","volume":"2012","author":"AR Nimir","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nimir AR, Saliem A, Ibrahim IA. Ophthalmic parasitosis: a review article. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2012;2012:587402.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"2083_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32833ef67e","volume":"21","author":"SR Rathinam","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rathinam SR, Ashok KA. Ocular manifestations of systemic disease: ocular parasitosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;21:478\u201384.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2083_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-41","volume":"4","author":"D Otranto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Otranto D, Eberhard ML. Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:41.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2083_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.03.001","volume":"63","author":"F Rezvan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rezvan F, Khabazkhoob M, Hooshmand E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:585\u2013608.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2083_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.09.003","volume":"98","author":"W Tarkowski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tarkowski W, Moneta-Wielgos J, Mlocicki D. Do Demodex mites play a role in pterygium development? Med Hypotheses. 2017;98:6\u201310.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2083_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.001","volume":"120","author":"Y Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang Y, He H, Sheha H, et al. Ocular demodicosis as a risk factor of pterygium recurrence. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:1341\u20137.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2083_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2018.01.013","volume":"9","author":"S McBurney-Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"McBurney-Lin S, Khorram D, Gee S, et al. A new worm infiltrating the human cornea: a report of three cases. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2018;9:124\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02083-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02083-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02083-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T12:07:24Z","timestamp":1630930044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02083-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02083-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This report has been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. As this is a single case report excluding the data that can identify the patient, no ethical approval was required by the review board of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"323"}}