{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:47:43Z","timestamp":1789476463052,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012397","name":"Army Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2019XLC3017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2019XLC3017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To study the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on tear secretion and tear film stability in dry eye patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study consisted of two parts, each part included 3 groups, namely dry eye without AE group, dry eye with AE group and pre-clinical dry eye with AE group. In part 1, we studied the variations of Schirmer I test and six tear compositions before and after AE (34 eyes in each group). In part 2, we studied the variations of tear meniscus height, first and average non-invasive tear breakup time (F-NITBUT and A-NITBUT), lipid layer thickness, number of incomplete and complete blinks, partial blink rate (PBR) and visual acuity before and after AE (30 eyes in each group).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In dry eye with AE group, Schirmer I test at 0\u2009min after AE increased significantly compared to baseline (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), the oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine after AE decreased significantly compared to baseline (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045), F-NITBUT and A-NITBUT after AE prolonged significantly compared to baseline (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.044), number of incomplete blinks and PBR at 10\u2009min after AE decreased significantly compared to baseline (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) while number of complete blinks increased significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Besides, significant differences were also found between dry eye with AE group and dry eye without AE group at all above corresponding time point (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>AE promotes tear secretion and improves tear film stability in dry eye patients. AE may be a potential treatment for dry eye.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.aspx?proj=57282\">ChiCTR2000038673<\/jats:ext-link>. Registered 27 September 2020,<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02230-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T09:03:53Z","timestamp":1641287033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of aerobic exercise on tear secretion and tear film stability in dry eye patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7002-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongdi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","volume":"15","author":"JP Craig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, Caffery B, Dua HS, Joo CK, et al. TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):276\u201383.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2230_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","volume":"15","author":"F Stapleton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, Jalbert I, Lekhanont K, Malet F, et al. TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):334\u201365.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.09.007","volume":"18","author":"A Hanyuda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanyuda A, Sawada N, Uchino M, Kawashima M, Yuki K, Tsubota K, et al. Physical inactivity, prolonged sedentary behaviors, and use of visual display terminals as potential risk factors for dry eye disease: JPHC-NEXT study. Ocul Surf. 2020;18(1):56\u201363.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"7","key":"2230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071398","volume":"18","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Qu Y, He X, Ou S, Bu J, et al. Dry eye management: targeting the ocular surface microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(7):1398.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.009","volume":"15","author":"GD Novack","year":"2017","unstructured":"Novack GD, Asbell P, Barabino S, Bergamini MVW, Ciolino JB, Foulks GN, et al. TFOS DEWS II clinical trial design report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):629\u201349.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"8","key":"2230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.02.006","volume":"24","author":"M Markoulli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Markoulli M, Hui A. Emerging targets of inflammation and tear secretion in dry eye disease. Drug Discov Today. 2019;24(8):1427\u201332.","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"2230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz153","volume":"100","author":"M MacKay-Lyons","year":"2020","unstructured":"MacKay-Lyons M, Billinger SA, Eng JJ, Dromerick A, Giacomantonio N, Hafer-Macko C, et al. Aerobic exercise recommendations to optimize best practices in care after stroke: AEROBICS 2019 update. Phys Ther. 2020;100(1):149\u201356.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"2230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13289","volume":"55","author":"K Sano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sano K, Kawashima M, Ito A, Inaba T, Morimoto K, Watanabe M, et al. Aerobic exercise increases tear secretion in type 2 diabetic mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(7):4287\u201394.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2230_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S149986","volume":"12","author":"K Sano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sano K, Kawashima M, Takechi S, Mimura M, Tsubota K. Exercise program improved subjective dry eye symptoms for office workers. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:307\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.001","volume":"15","author":"JS Wolffsohn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wolffsohn JS, Arita R, Chalmers R, Djalilian A, Dogru M, Dumbleton K, et al. TFOS DEWS II diagnostic methodology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):539\u201374.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.11.001","volume":"17","author":"H Sonobe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sonobe H, Ogawa Y, Yamada K, Shimizu E, Uchino Y, Kamoi M, et al. A novel and innovative paper-based analytical device for assessing tear lactoferrin of dry eye patients. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(1):160\u20136.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"11","key":"2230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.07.028","volume":"123","author":"EM Messmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Messmer EM, von Lindenfels V, Garbe A, Kampik A. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 testing in dry eye disease using a commercially available point-of-care immunoassay. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(11):2300\u20138.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"9","key":"2230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093111","volume":"21","author":"M Roda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roda M, Corazza I, Bacchi Reggiani ML, Pellegrini M, Taroni L, Giannaccare G, et al. Dry eye disease and tear cytokine levels-a meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(9):3111.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13526","volume":"96","author":"S Seen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seen S, Tong L. Dry eye disease and oxidative stress. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018;96(4):e412\u201320.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024339","volume":"6","author":"SM Lam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lam SM, Tong L, Yong SS, Li B, Chaurasia SS, Shui G, et al. Meibum lipid composition in Asians with dry eye disease. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e24339.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2230_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70213-6","volume":"8","author":"A Guzman-Aranguez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guzman-Aranguez A, Arg\u00fceso P. Structure and biological roles of mucin-type O-glycans at the ocular surface. Ocul Surf. 2010;8(1):8\u201317.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"4","key":"2230_CR17","first-page":"258","volume":"11","author":"T Pramanik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pramanik T, Ghising R. Salivation induced better lacrimal gland function in dry eyes. Nepal Med Coll J. 2009;11(4):258\u201360.","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213fefb","volume":"43","author":"CE Garber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1334\u201359.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2230_CR19","first-page":"231","volume":"33","author":"JS Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim JS, Lee H, Choi S, Kim EK, Seo KY, Kim TI. Assessment of the tear film lipid layer thickness after cataract surgery. Semin Ophthalmol. 2018;33(2):231\u20136.","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2230_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.04.003","volume":"28","author":"DA Dartt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dartt DA. Neural regulation of lacrimal gland secretory processes: relevance in dry eye diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2009;28(3):155\u201377.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(92)90042-F","volume":"37","author":"Y Matsumoto","year":"1992","unstructured":"Matsumoto Y, Tanabe T, Ueda S, Kawata M. Immunohistochemical and enzymehistochemical studies of peptidergic, aminergic and cholinergic innervation of the lacrimal gland of the monkey (Macaca fuscata). J Auton Nerv Syst. 1992;37(3):207\u201314.","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"2230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1976.230.1.80","volume":"230","author":"SY Botelho","year":"1976","unstructured":"Botelho SY, Martinez EV, Pholpramool C, Prooyen HC, Janssen JT, De Palau A. Modification of stimulated lacrimal gland flow by sympathetic nerve impulses in rabbit. Am J Phys. 1976;230(1):80\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"issue":"9","key":"2230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091439","volume":"8","author":"M Heidari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heidari M, Noorizadeh F, Wu K, Inomata T, Mashaghi A. Dry eye disease: emerging approaches to disease analysis and therapy. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1439.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2230_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.011","volume":"15","author":"AJ Bron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, et al. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):438\u2013510.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"7","key":"2230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1507","volume":"48","author":"JR Palakuru","year":"2007","unstructured":"Palakuru JR, Wang J, Aquavella JV. Effect of blinking on tear dynamics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(7):3032\u20137.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"30","key":"2230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM00758A","volume":"10","author":"GA Georgiev","year":"2014","unstructured":"Georgiev GA, Yokoi N, Ivanova S, Tonchev V, Nencheva Y, Krastev R. Surface relaxations as a tool to distinguish the dynamic interfacial properties of films formed by normal and diseased meibomian lipids. Soft Matter. 2014;10(30):5579\u201388.","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"4","key":"2230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997c","volume":"52","author":"E Knop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knop E, Knop N, Millar T, Obata H, Sullivan DA. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the meibomian gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(4):1938\u201378.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.05.007","volume":"17","author":"Y Jie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jie Y, Sella R, Feng J, Gomez ML, Afshari NA. Evaluation of incomplete blinking as a measurement of dry eye disease. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(3):440\u20136.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"9","key":"2230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.004","volume":"119","author":"A Denoyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Denoyer A, Rabut G, Baudouin C. Tear film aberration dynamics and vision-related quality of life in patients with dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(9):1811\u20138.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02230-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02230-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02230-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T09:08:57Z","timestamp":1641287337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02230-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-021-02230-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research was implemented in accordance with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent before entering the study. Approval for the present study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}