{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:20:01Z","timestamp":1792290001101,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Paediatric traumatic cataracts are an important but preventable cause of acquired blindness. Understanding the epidemiology of paediatric traumatic cataracts is a prerequisite for prevention. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of paediatric traumatic cataracts in southwest China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The medical records of children (age range, 0\u201314\u2009years old) who developed traumatic cataracts following open-globe injuries and were hospitalized at the Department of Ophthalmology at West China Hospital, between January 2011 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The demographic data, causes of injuries, posttraumatic complications, and visual acuity were recorded and analysed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 716 eyes from 716 patients were analysed in this study, including 521 (72.8%) males and 195 females in a gender ratio of 2.67:1; 117 of the patients were of ethnic minorities. Paediatric traumatic cataracts occurred more frequently in winter (32.5%). Sharp metal objects (scissors\/knives\/needles\/sheet metal\/nails\/darts) \u2013 induced ocular injuries accounted for the highest proportion, followed by botanical sticks (wooden sticks \/bamboo sticks \/bamboo skewers)-induced injuries, and then stationery items (pencils\/pens\/rulers\/paper)-induced injuries. The majority (68.7%) of the patients were aged 2\u20138\u2009years, and the peak range of age was 4 - 6\u2009years. The injuries were a result of penetrating trauma in 64.9% of patients, and blunt force trauma in the remainder (35.1%). Additionally, 131 (18.3%) cases developed posttraumatic infectious endophthalmitis after injuries. Patients with eye injuries caused by needles (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001), wooden sticks (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.016), and bamboo skewers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.002) were at a greater risk of developing infectious endophthalmitis. The most common identified foreign organism was <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, which accounted for 42% (21\/50) of all culture-positive specimens and was sensitive to vancomycin. Among the children who were younger than 5\u2009years, 44.4% (55\/124) of those with traumatic cataracts presented a corrected distance visual acuity less than or equal to 0.1 after undergoing cataract surgery, but among the children who were older than 5\u2009years, this proportion was significantly smaller, just 20.4% of children aged 6-10\u2009years (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001) and 18.4% of children aged 11-14\u2009years (<jats:italic>P\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The main causative agents of paediatric traumatic cataracts in southwest China were sharp metal objects, botanical sticks, and stationery items. Specific preventive measures are essential to reduce the incidence of paediatric traumatic cataract.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02435-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T20:04:21Z","timestamp":1651867461000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Paediatric traumatic cataracts in Southwest China: epidemiological profile"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pingping","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longqian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2435_CR1","first-page":"1417","volume":"5","author":"DM El-Sebaity","year":"2011","unstructured":"El-Sebaity DM, Soliman W, Soliman AM, Fathalla AM. Pediatric eye injuries in upper Egypt. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:1417\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3616-y","volume":"255","author":"MA Shah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shah MA, Agrawal R, Teoh R, Shah SM, Patel K, Gupta S, et al. Pediatric ocular trauma score as a prognostic tool in the management of pediatric traumatic cataracts. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;255(5):1027\u201336.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2435_CR3","first-page":"Nc5","volume":"10","author":"AK Sharma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharma AK, Aslam AN, Srivastava JP, Iqbal J. Visual outcome of traumatic cataract at a tertiary eye Care Centre in North India: a prospective study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(1):Nc5\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839902250752","volume":"4","author":"DA Sleet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sleet DA, Schieber RA, Gilchrist J. Health promotion policy and politics: lessons from childhood injury prevention. Health Promot Pract. 2003;4(2):103\u20138.","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1263","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1950","volume":"117","author":"M Brophy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brophy M, Sinclair SA, Hostetler SG, Xiang HY. Pediatric eye injury-related hospitalizations in the United States. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):E1263\u2013E71.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"1","key":"2435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.07.020","volume":"47","author":"RS Haring","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haring RS, Canner JK, Haider AH, Schneider EB. Ocular injury in the United States: emergency department visits from 2006-2011. Injury. 2016;47(1):104\u20138.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"2435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20982-1","volume":"8","author":"Y Du","year":"2018","unstructured":"Du Y, He W, Sun X, Lu Y, Zhu X. Traumatic cataract in children in eastern China: Shanghai pediatric cataract study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):2588.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060844","volume":"8","author":"H Cao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cao H, Li L, Zhang M, Li H. Epidemiology of pediatric ocular trauma in the Chaoshan region, China, 2001-2010. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60844.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01363-7","volume":"20","author":"C Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li C, Lin Y, Xiao H, Lin H, Chen Y, Dai M. Epidemiology of pediatric eye injuries requiring hospitalization in rural areas of Wenzhou and Changsha, China: a 10-year retrospective study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):100.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S282080","volume":"15","author":"SM Kedwany","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kedwany SM, Saleh MGA, Tohamy D, Mostafa MM. Outcome of pediatric traumatic cataract in upper Egypt: a tertiary center study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021;15:1583\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20110712-02","volume":"49","author":"SP Lesniak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lesniak SP, Bauza A, Son JH, Zarbin MA, Langer P, Guo S, et al. Twelve-year review of pediatric traumatic open globe injuries in an urban U.S. population. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2012;49(2):73\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"4","key":"2435_CR12","first-page":"CD006527","volume":"2009","author":"A Shah","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shah A, Blackhall K, Ker K, Patel D. Educational interventions for the prevention of eye injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009(4):CD006527.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"24","key":"2435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.195473","volume":"129","author":"M Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang M, Xu GZ, Jiang R, Ni YQ, Wang KY, Gu RP, et al. Pediatric infectious Endophthalmitis: a 271-case retrospective study at a single Center in China. Chinese Med J Peking. 2016;129(24):2936\u201343.","journal-title":"Chinese Med J Peking"},{"issue":"21","key":"2435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v11i1.25419","volume":"11","author":"R Venkatesh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Venkatesh R, Dave AP, Gurav P, Agrawal M. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis in children. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2019;11(21):55\u201363.","journal-title":"Nepal J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2435_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0181-5512(04)96122-0","volume":"27","author":"F Kuhn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kuhn F, Morris R, Witherspoon CD, Mester V. The Birmingham eye trauma terminology system (BETT). J Fr Ophtalmol. 2004;27(2):206\u201310.","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2020.07.13","volume":"13","author":"C Xue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xue C, Yang LC, Kong YC. Application of pediatric ocular trauma score in pediatric open globe injuries. Int J Ophthalmol. 2020;13(7):1097\u2013101.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2435_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0676-7","volume":"18","author":"E Puodziuviene","year":"2018","unstructured":"Puodziuviene E, Jokubauskiene G, Vieversyte M, Asselineau K. A five-year retrospective study of the epidemiological characteristics and visual outcomes of pediatric ocular trauma. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18(1):10.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2435_CR18","first-page":"216","volume":"116","author":"VY Burgos-Elias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burgos-Elias VY, Marroquin-Sarti MJ, Zimmermann-Paiz MA, Marissa Ordonez Rivas A, Quezada-Del Cid NC. Traumatic cataract surgery in pediatric patients. Experience in a site. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2018;116(3):216\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Argent Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31825eeac9","volume":"73","author":"J Ram","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ram J, Verma N, Gupta N, Chaudhary M. Effect of penetrating and blunt ocular trauma on the outcome of traumatic cataract in children in northern India. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(3):726\u201330.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000342","volume":"24","author":"S Khokhar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khokhar S, Gupta S, Yogi R, Gogia V, Agarwal T. Epidemiology and intermediate-term outcomes of open- and closed-globe injuries in traumatic childhood cataract. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014;24(1):124\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2435_CR21","first-page":"855","volume":"6","author":"HD Ilhan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ilhan HD, Bilgin AB, Cetinkaya A, Unal M, Yucel I. Epidemiological and clinical features of paediatric open globe injuries in southwestern Turkey. Int J Ophthalmol. 2013;6(6):855\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2011.06.008","volume":"19","author":"HS Al-Mahdi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Mahdi HS, Bener A, Hashim SP. Clinical pattern of pediatric ocular trauma in fast developing country. Int Emerg Nurs. 2011;19(4):186\u201391.","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"2435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.10.1439","volume":"121","author":"JC Serrano","year":"2003","unstructured":"Serrano JC, Chalela P, Arias JD. Epidemiology of childhood ocular trauma in a northeastern Colombian region. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(10):1439\u201345.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3129\/i09-093","volume":"44","author":"DW Podbielski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Podbielski DW, Surkont M, Tehrani NN, Ratnapalan S. Pediatric eye injuries in a Canadian emergency department. Can J Ophthalmol. 2009;44(5):519\u201322.","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.09.041","volume":"111","author":"RW Essex","year":"2004","unstructured":"Essex RW, Yi Q, Charles PG, Allen PJ. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(11):2015\u201322.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"10","key":"2435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.79.10.888","volume":"79","author":"DV Alfaro","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alfaro DV, Roth DB, Laughlin RM, Goyal M, Liggett PE. Paediatric post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79(10):888\u201391.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2435_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940600954323","volume":"14","author":"SA Al-Rashaed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Rashaed SA, Abu El-Asrar AM. Exogenous endophthalmitis in pediatric age group. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2006;14(5):285\u201392.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2435_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5248767","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5248767","volume":"2017","author":"Y Sheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sheng Y, Sun W, Gu Y, Grzybowski A. Pediatric posttraumatic Endophthalmitis in China for twenty years. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017:5248767.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2435_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182205982","volume":"32","author":"A Pathengay","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pathengay A, Trehan HS, Mathai A, Jalali S, Majji AB, Das MK, et al. Enterobacter endophthalmitis: clinicomicrobiologic profile and outcomes. Retina. 2012;32(3):558\u201362.","journal-title":"Retina."},{"issue":"1","key":"2435_CR30","first-page":"13","volume":"21","author":"JJ Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang JJ, Xu QL, Liu FYF, Xiong H, Yang JX. Enterobacter cloacae infection of the shoulder in a 52-year-old woman without apparent predisposing risk factor: a case report and literature review. Bmc. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;21(1):13.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02435-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02435-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02435-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T20:09:41Z","timestamp":1651867781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02435-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02435-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Approval No. 2020.955). All data were retrospectively collected, and the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"208"}}