{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:46:21Z","timestamp":1787805981520,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003785","name":"Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["B2020176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2020176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitrectomy and peeling of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) was an effective therapeutic approach for myopic foveoschisis with progressive visual loss. This study investigated the anatomical and visual outcomes of fovea-sparing ILM peeling with or without the inverted flap technique for patients with symptomatic myopic foveoschisis (MF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients with MF. Vitrectomy with fovea-sparing ILM peeling and air tamponade was performed in all patients. The primary outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), mean macular thickness (MMT), and central foveal thickness (CFT). Depending on whether an inverted ILM flap technique was utilized, further subgroup comparisons between the inverted flap group and the non-inverted flap group were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-six eyes of 22 patients were included. Fifteen eyes were underwent fovea-sparing ILM peeling without inverted ILM flap and 11 of the 26 eyes were treated with fovea-sparing ILM peeling and an inverted ILM flap technique. In the mean follow-up period of 10.74\u2009\u00b1\u20094.58 months, a significant improvement in BCVA was observed from 0.97\u2009\u00b1\u20090.45 logMAR to 0.58\u2009\u00b1\u20090.51 logMAR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), during which the BCVA of 20 eyes (76.92%) improved and remained stable in 5 eyes (19.23%). Moreover, a positive correlation was also found between the preoperative BCVA and the postoperative BCVA (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.50,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). At the last visit, the final MMT decreased from 492.69\u2009\u00b1\u2009209.62\u00a0\u03bcm to 234.73\u2009\u00b1\u200986.09\u00a0\u03bcm, and the CFT reduced from 296.08\u2009\u00b1\u2009209.22\u00a0\u03bcm to 138.31\u2009\u00b1\u200973.92\u00a0\u03bcm (all<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). A subgroup analysis found no significant differences in BCVA, MMT, or CFT between the inverted and non-inverted flap groups (all<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fovea-sparing ILM peeling with or without inverted flap technique resulted in favorable visual and anatomical outcomes for the treatment of MF. An important factor affecting the postoperative visual outcome was the preoperative visual acuity. Our study found no significant difference between the presence and absence of the inverted ILM flap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02679-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T23:03:06Z","timestamp":1668812586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anatomical and visual outcomes of fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling with or without inverted flap technique for myopic foveoschisis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingsheng","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danqi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingguo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2679_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, Wong TY, Naduvilath TJ, Resnikoff S. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036\u201342.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2679_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00186-5","volume":"128","author":"M Takano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Takano M, Kishi S. Foveal retinoschisis and retinal detachment in severely myopic eyes with posterior staphyloma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(4):472\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2679_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01937-2","volume":"135","author":"T Baba","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baba T, Ohno-Matsui K, Futagami S, Yoshida T, Yasuzumi K, Kojima A, Tokoro T, Mochizuki M. Prevalence and characteristics of foveal retinal detachment without macular hole in high myopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(3):338\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2679_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.10.1455","volume":"122","author":"G Panozzo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Panozzo G, Mercanti A. Optical coherence tomography findings in myopic traction maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(10):1455\u201360.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2679_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.07.027","volume":"139","author":"H Bando","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bando H, Ikuno Y, Choi JS, Tano Y, Yamanaka I, Ishibashi T. Ultrastructure of internal limiting membrane in myopic foveoschisis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(1):197\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2679_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.03.053","volume":"125","author":"K Shinohara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shinohara K, Tanaka N, Jonas JB, Shimada N, Moriyama M, Yoshida T, Ohno-Matsui K. Ultrawide-Field OCT to Investigate Relationships between Myopic Macular Retinoschisis and Posterior Staphyloma. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1575\u201386.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2679_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200404000-00033","volume":"24","author":"M Ichibe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ichibe M, Baba E, Funaki S, Yoshizawa T, Abe H. Retinoschisis in a highly myopic eye without vision impairment. Retina. 2004;24(2):331\u20133.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"6","key":"2679_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.291","volume":"23","author":"X Fang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fang X, Weng Y, Xu S, Chen Z, Liu J, Chen B, Wu P, Ni H, Yao K. Optical coherence tomographic characteristics and surgical outcome of eyes with myopic foveoschisis. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(6):1336\u201342.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2679_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.10.053","volume":"143","author":"D Gaucher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gaucher D, Haouchine B, Tadayoni R, Massin P, Erginay A, Benhamou N, Gaudric A. Long-term follow-up of high myopic foveoschisis: natural course and surgical outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(3):455\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2679_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.069427","volume":"89","author":"AK Kwok","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kwok AK, Lai TY, Yip WW. Vitrectomy and gas tamponade without internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic foveoschisis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(9):1180\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2679_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000826","volume":"36","author":"Y Qi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qi Y, Duan AL, Meng X, Wang N. VITRECTOMY WITHOUT INNER LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING FOR MACULAR RETINOSCHISIS IN HIGHLY MYOPIC EYES. Retina. 2016;36(5):953\u20136.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"2679_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.06.016","volume":"153","author":"BL VanderBeek","year":"2012","unstructured":"VanderBeek BL, Johnson MW. The diversity of traction mechanisms in myopic traction maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(1):93\u2013102.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2679_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31825bc0de","volume":"32","author":"MW Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson MW. Myopic traction maculopathy: pathogenic mechanisms and surgical treatment. Retina. 2012;32(Suppl 2):205\u201310.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"9","key":"2679_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314972","volume":"104","author":"KL Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng KL, Kung YH, Hsu CM, Chang SP, Tseng PL, Wu TT. Surgical outcomes of centripetal non-fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic foveoschisis with and without foveal detachment: a follow-up of at least 3 years. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(9):1266\u201370.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2679_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311775","volume":"103","author":"AH Al-Badawi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Badawi AH, Abdelhakim M, Macky TA, Mortada HA. Efficacy of non-fovea-sparing ILM peeling for symptomatic myopic foveoschisis with and without macular hole. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(2):257\u201363.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2679_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318276e0e8","volume":"33","author":"Y Iida","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iida Y, Hangai M, Yoshikawa M, Ooto S, Yoshimura N. Local biometric features and visual prognosis after surgery for treatment of myopic foveoschisis. Retina. 2013;33(6):1179\u201387.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"11","key":"2679_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002265","volume":"39","author":"S Rizzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rizzo S, Giansanti F, Finocchio L, Caporossi T, Barca F, Bacherini D, Cocci G, Vannucchi M, Tartaro R, Virgili G.\u00a0Vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and air tamponade for myopic foveoschisis. Retina. 2019;39(11):2125\u201331.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"2679_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.04.013","volume":"154","author":"N Shimada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shimada N, Sugamoto Y, Ogawa M, Takase H, Ohno-Matsui K. Fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic traction maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(4):693\u2013701.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2679_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002612","volume":"40","author":"F Morescalchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morescalchi F, Russo A, Bahja H, Gambicorti E, Cancarini A, Costagliola C, Semeraro F.\u00a0Fovea-sparing versus complete internal limiting membrane peeling in vitrectomy for the treatment of macular holes. Retina. 2020;40(7):1306\u201314.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"2679_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-019-00696-1","volume":"64","author":"M Iwasaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iwasaki M, Miyamoto H, Okushiba U, Imaizumi H. Fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling versus complete internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic traction maculopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2020;64(1):13\u201321.","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2679_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.02.010","volume":"66","author":"I Chatziralli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chatziralli I, Machairoudia G, Kazantzis D, Theodossiadis G, Theodossiadis P. Inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for myopic macular hole: A meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2021;66(5):771\u201380.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2679_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374650","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2374650","volume":"2020","author":"L Ling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ling L, Liu Y, Zhou B, Gao F, Hu Z, Tian M, Xing Y, Ji K, Sun T, Zhou W. Inverted Internal Limiting Membrane Flap Technique versus Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling for Vitrectomy in Highly Myopic Eyes with Macular Hole-Induced Retinal Detachment: An Updated Meta-Analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2020;2020:2374650.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2679_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.02.011","volume":"117","author":"Z Michalewska","year":"2010","unstructured":"Michalewska Z, Michalewski J, Adelman RA, Nawrocki J. Inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for large macular holes. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(10):2018\u201325.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2679_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051274","volume":"11","author":"Y Wakatsuki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wakatsuki Y, Nakashizuka H, Tanaka K, Mori R, Shimada H. Outcomes of Vitrectomy with Fovea-Sparing and Inverted ILM Flap Technique for Myopic Foveoschisis. J Clin Med. 2022;11(5):1274.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2679_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120930590","volume":"31","author":"B Parolini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parolini B, Palmieri M, Finzi A, Besozzi G, Lucente A, Nava U, Pinackatt S, Adelman R, Frisina R. The new Myopic Traction Maculopathy Staging System. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(3):1299\u2013312.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2679_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003140","volume":"41","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhao X, Zhang W, Yang J, Chen Y.\u00a0Fovea-sparing versus complete internal limiting membrane peeling in vitrectomy for vitreomacular interface diseases:\u00a0a systematic review and meta-analysis. Retina. 2021;41(6):1143\u201352.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"6","key":"2679_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04289-z","volume":"257","author":"E Pilotto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pilotto E, Midena E, Longhin E, Parrozzani R, Frisina R, Frizziero L. M\u00fcller cells and choriocapillaris in the pathogenesis of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(6):1159\u201367.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2679_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-3956-2","volume":"256","author":"C Gu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gu C, Qiu Q. Inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for large macular holes: a systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256(6):1041\u20139.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2679_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05397-5","volume":"260","author":"JP Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin JP, Yang CM. Combined fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling with internal limiting membrane flap technique for progressive myopic traction maculopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260(2):489\u201396.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2679_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001992","volume":"39","author":"M Lehmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lehmann M, Devin F, Rothschild PR, Gaucher D, Morin B, Philippakis E, Massin P, Couturier A, Tadayoni R.\u00a0Preoperative factors influencing visual recovery after vitrectomy for myopic foveoschisis. Retina. 2019;39(3):594\u2013600.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"6","key":"2679_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181c703fc","volume":"30","author":"K Kumagai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumagai K, Furukawa M, Ogino N, Larson E. Factors correlated with postoperative visual acuity after vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic foveoschisis. Retina. 2010;30(6):874\u201380.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"8","key":"2679_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002627","volume":"40","author":"K Shinohara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shinohara K, Shimada N, Takase H, Ohno-Matsui K.\u00a0Functional and structural outcomes after fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic macular retinoschisis by microperimetry. Retina. 2020;40(8):1500\u201311.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"11","key":"2679_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0178-0","volume":"32","author":"T Tian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tian T, Jin H, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhao P. Long-term surgical outcomes of multiple parfoveolar curvilinear internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic foveoschisis. Eye (Lond). 2018;32(11):1783\u20139.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02679-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02679-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02679-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1728444036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02679-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-022-02679-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Joint Shantou International Eye Center Ethics committee approved this study and it was accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and the later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was waived by the Ethic Committee of Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong because this was a retrospective study and that data are anonymous.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable. (There is no information or images that could lead to identification of a study participant in this manuscript)","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"444"}}