{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T05:37:25Z","timestamp":1793252245440,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["7212016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7212016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, we report a case series of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) associated with COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective observational study was conducted at Beijing Tongren Hospital. We reviewed patients who were diagnosed with AMN within one month of testing positive for COVID-19 using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 11 AMN patients (20 eyes) were included in the study. The mean age was 33.8\u2009\u00b1\u200912.6 years. The average interval between a positive COVID-19 PCR test and the onset of ocular symptoms was 2.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5 days. The mean follow-up period for the patients was 12.5\u2009\u00b1\u20093.8 weeks. Imaging characteristics of AMN patients following COVID-19 infection included areas of low reflectivity on near-infrared reflectance (NIR) imaging, hyperreflective lesions at the level of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) and disruption of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) B-scans. Visual field examinations revealed parafoveal scotomas that closely corresponded to the clinical lesions. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) demonstrated impaired perfusion in the deep retinal vascular plexus. Fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and spontaneous fundus autofluorescence showed no significant abnormalities. During follow-up, partial improvement in retinal lesions was observed in NIR imaging and SD-OCT in some patients, but a proportion of patients still exhibited persistent retinal damage and no improvement in visual field scotomas.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>COVID-19-related AMN share similar clinical and imaging features with AMN due to other causes, as evidenced by the persistent presence of visual field scotomas over a longer duration.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trail registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/\">https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/<\/jats:ext-link>; identifier: ChiCTR2100044365<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03283-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T14:04:30Z","timestamp":1704895470000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The characteristics of acute macular neuroretinopathy following COVID-19 infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xusheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3283_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","volume":"5","author":"Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of V. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5:536\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"3283_CR2","first-page":"314","volume":"54","author":"EJ Nelwan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nelwan EJ, Tunjungputri RN, Tetrasiwi EN, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations COVID-19. Acta Med Indones. 2022;54:314\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"key":"3283_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.10.018","volume":"82","author":"M Giustozzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giustozzi M, Vedovati MC, Agnelli G. Venous thromboembolism and COVID-19: mind the gap between clinical epidemiology and patient management. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;82:18\u201320.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"3283_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(75)90387-6","volume":"80","author":"PJ Bos","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bos PJ, Deutman AF. Acute macular neuroretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975;80:573\u201384.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318263d0c3","volume":"32","author":"AA Fawzi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fawzi AA, Pappuru RR, Sarraf D, et al. Acute macular neuroretinopathy: long-term insights revealed by multimodal imaging. Retina. 2012;32:1500\u201313.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"3283_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4056","volume":"131","author":"D Sarraf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sarraf D, Rahimy E, Fawzi AA, et al. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy: a new variant of acute macular neuroretinopathy associated with retinal capillary ischemia. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:1275\u201387.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.003","volume":"61","author":"KV Bhavsar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhavsar KV, Lin S, Rahimy E, et al. Acute macular neuroretinopathy: a comprehensive review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 2016;61:538\u201365.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306845","volume":"100","author":"MR Munk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Munk MR, Jampol LM, Cunha Souza E, et al. New associations of classic acute macular neuroretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100:389\u201394.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26229","volume":"93","author":"E Bettach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bettach E, Zadok D, Weill Y, et al. Bilateral anterior uveitis as a part of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome secondary to COVID-19 infection. J Med Virol. 2020;93:139\u201340.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"3283_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1738501","volume":"28","author":"I Seah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seah I, Agrawal R. Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes? A review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28:391\u20135.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"3283_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1825751","volume":"28","author":"P Gascon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gascon P, Briantais A, Bertrand E, et al. Covid-19-Associated Retinopathy: a case report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28:1293\u20137.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"3283_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1069-8","volume":"34","author":"J Virgo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virgo J, Mohamed M. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy and acute macular neuroretinopathy following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eye (Lond). 2020;34:2352\u20133.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"3283_CR13","first-page":"150","volume":"79","author":"N Ferkova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferkova N, Hudeckova H, Barnau A. Bilateral acute macular neuroretinopathy in acute Covid-19 infection: a Case Study. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2023;79:150\u20134.","journal-title":"Cesk Slov Oftalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e931169","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.931169","volume":"22","author":"MN Aidar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aidar MN, Gomes TM, de Almeida MZH, et al. Low visual acuity due to Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy Associated with COVID-19: a Case Report. Am J Case Rep. 2021;22:e931169.","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"3283_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2021.101232","volume":"24","author":"JA David","year":"2021","unstructured":"David JA, Fivgas GD. Acute macular neuroretinopathy associated with COVID-19 infection. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2021;24:101232.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"3283_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001050","volume":"16","author":"RC Preti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Preti RC, Zacharias LC, Cunha LP, Monteiro MLR. Acute macular neuroretinopathy as the presenting manifestation of Covid-19 infection. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2022;16:12\u20135.","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"3283_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20131105-08","volume":"44","author":"A Joseph","year":"2013","unstructured":"Joseph A, Rahimy E, Freund KB, et al. Fundus autofluorescence and photoreceptor bleaching in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2013;44:588\u201392.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"3283_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00398-3","volume":"48","author":"SD Turbeville","year":"2003","unstructured":"Turbeville SD, Cowan LD, Gass JD. Acute macular neuroretinopathy: a review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2018.02.008","volume":"10","author":"JC Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu JC, Nesper PL, Fawzi AA, Gill MK. Acute macular neuroretinopathy associated with influenza vaccination with decreased flow at the deep capillary plexus on OCT angiography. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2018;10:96\u2013100.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"3283_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.3513","volume":"134","author":"A Thanos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thanos A, Faia LJ, Yonekawa Y, Randhawa S. Optical coherence tomographic angiography in acute macular neuroretinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134:1310\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3790","volume":"135","author":"SY Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee SY, Cheng JL, Gehrs KM, et al. Choroidal Features of Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy via Optical coherence tomography angiography and correlation with serial multimodal imaging. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135:1177\u201383.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e611","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14913","volume":"100","author":"C Giacuzzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giacuzzo C, Eandi CM, Kawasaki A. Bilateral acute macular neuroretinopathy following COVID-19 infection. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100:e611\u2013e2.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP105","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721221090697","volume":"33","author":"V Capuano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Capuano V, Forte P, Sacconi R, et al. Acute macular neuroretinopathy as the first stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2023;33:NP105\u2013NP11.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3283_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.09.005","volume":"7","author":"RH Dinh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dinh RH, Tsui E, Wieder MS, et al. Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy and Coronavirus Disease 2019. Ophthalmol Retina. 2023;7:198\u2013200.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"3283_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573095","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.573095","volume":"11","author":"R Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen R, Wang K, Yu J, et al. The spatial and cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the human and mouse brains. Front Neurol. 2020;11:573095.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"3283_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1159\/000514573","volume":"64","author":"A Reinhold","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reinhold A, Tzankov A, Matter MS, et al. Ocular Pathology and occasionally detectable intraocular severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 RNA in five fatal coronavirus Disease-19 cases. Ophthalmic Res. 2021;64:785\u201392.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"3283_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25982","volume":"95","author":"TC Hanff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanff TC, Mohareb AM, Giri J, et al. Thrombosis in COVID-19. Am J Hematol. 2020;95:1578\u201389.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"3283_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107602962093814","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029620938149","volume":"26","author":"W Miesbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miesbach W, Makris M. COVID-19: Coagulopathy, risk of thrombosis, and the Rationale for Anticoagulation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2020;26:1076029620938149.","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03283-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03283-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03283-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T14:06:25Z","timestamp":1704895585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03283-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03283-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the institutional review board and ethics committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital and was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. All patients provided written informed consent to use their data for analysis and publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent to publish this information was obtained from study participant.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}