{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:16:21Z","timestamp":1772165781454,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy is used for myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV). Patchy chorioretinal atrophy (pCRA) enlargement has been reported in mCNV cases associated with vision loss. Our aim was to compare the long-term effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapy alone versus anti-VEGF followed by posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) in controlling myopic maculopathy in mCNV eyes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of 95 high myopia patients (refractive error\u2009\u2265\u20096.00 diopters, axial length\u2009\u2265\u200926.0\u00a0mm) with mCNV. Patients were treated with anti-VEGF alone (group A) or anti-VEGF followed by PSR (group B). The following data were collected: refractive error, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ophthalmic fundus examination, ocular coherence tomography and ocular biometry at 12 and 24 months pre- and postoperatively. The primary outcomes were changes in pCRA and BCVA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 26 eyes of 24 patients, the mean pCRA size significantly increased from baseline (0.88\u2009\u00b1\u20091.69 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) to 12 months (1.57\u2009\u00b1\u20092.32 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.249,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) and 24 months (2.17\u2009\u00b1\u20092.79 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.965,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) postoperatively. The increase in perilesional pCRA in group B (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912) was 98.2% and 94.2% smaller than that in group A (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200914) at 12 and 24 months (\n                      <jats:italic>Beta<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.57 [95% CI 0.01, 191 1.13],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.048). In group B, 7 eyes (58.3%) gained more than 2 lines of BCVA compared with only 4 eyes (28.6%) in group A at 24 months.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti-VEGF therapy followed by PSR achieved better outcomes than anti-VEGF therapy alone in controlling the development of myopic maculopathy in mCNV and may constitute a better treatment option by securing a better long-term VA outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03357-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T11:06:51Z","timestamp":1710328011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-term outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with and without posterior scleral reinforcement on myopic maculopathy in myopic choroidal neovascularization eyes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Meng-Tian","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ningli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayinuer","family":"Yusufu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3357_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.08.010","volume":"157","author":"TY Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong TY, Ferreira A, Hughes R, Carter G, Mitchell P. Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: an evidence-based systematic review. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157(1):9\u201325e12.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3357_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.022","volume":"122","author":"Y Tang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tang Y, Wang X, Wang J, et al. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in a Chinese Adult Population: the Taizhou Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(7):1480\u20138.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"3357_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.01.035","volume":"113","author":"L Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu L, Wang Y, Li Y, et al. Causes of blindness and visual impairment in urban and rural areas in Beijing: the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(7):1134e1\u201311.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3357_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3109\/09286580903450346","volume":"17","author":"M Yamada","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yamada M, Hiratsuka Y, Roberts CB, et al. Prevalence of visual impairment in the adult Japanese population by cause and severity and future projections. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2010;17(1):50\u20137.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3357_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00861.x","volume":"32","author":"H Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen H, Wen F, Li H, et al. The types and severity of high myopic maculopathy in Chinese patients. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2012;32(1):60\u20137.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"8","key":"3357_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.11.003","volume":"117","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayashi K, Ohno-Matsui K, Shimada N, et al. Long-term pattern of progression of myopic maculopathy: a natural history study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(8):1595\u2013611. 611 e1-4.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"3357_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1340-y","volume":"248","author":"JM Ruiz-Moreno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruiz-Moreno JM, Montero JA. Intravitreal bevacizumab to treat myopic choroidal neovascularization: 2-year outcome. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248(7):937\u201341.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3357_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.01.022","volume":"159","author":"K Ohno-Matsui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohno-Matsui K, Kawasaki R, Jonas JB, et al. International photographic classification and grading system for myopic maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159(5):877\u201383. e7.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3357_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.04.028","volume":"124","author":"CMG Cheung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheung CMG, Arnold JJ, Holz FG, et al. Myopic Choroidal neovascularization: review, Guidance, and Consensus Statement on Management. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(11):1690\u2013711.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3357_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000333213","volume":"227","author":"N Franqueira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franqueira N, Cachulo ML, Pires I, et al. Long-term follow-up of myopic choroidal neovascularization treated with ranibizumab. Ophthalmologica. 2012;227(1):39\u201344.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"8","key":"3357_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-301639","volume":"96","author":"M Gharbiya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gharbiya M, Cruciani F, Parisi F, Cuozzo G, Altimari S, Abdolrahimzadeh S. Long-term results of intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularisation in pathological myopia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(8):1068\u201372.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3357_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3076-1","volume":"254","author":"V Sarao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarao V, Veritti D, Macor S, Lanzetta P. Intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization due to pathologic myopia: long-term outcomes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254(3):445\u201354.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3357_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001313","volume":"37","author":"K Kasahara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kasahara K, Moriyama M, Morohoshi K, et al. Six-year outcomes of Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Choroidal Neovascularization in patients with pathologic myopia. Retina. 2017;37(6):1055\u201364.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"8","key":"3357_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001384","volume":"37","author":"JH Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee JH, Lee SC, Kim SH, et al. Choroidal Thickness and Chorioretinal Atrophy in Myopic Choroidal neovascularization with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Retina. 2017;37(8):1516\u201322.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"14","key":"3357_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6358","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22633","volume":"58","author":"M Parravano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parravano M, Scarinci F, Gilardi M, et al. Patchy Chorioretinal atrophy changes at the posterior Pole after Ranibizumab for myopic Choroidal Neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(14):6358\u201364.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3357_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233564","volume":"15","author":"CA Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen CA, Lin PY, Wu PC. Treatment effect of posterior scleral reinforcement on controlling myopia progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(5):e0233564.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3357_CR17","unstructured":"Ma DJ, Liu SZ. Study in mechanism of posterior scleral reinforcement.Chin. J Mod Med.2004(10):96\u20137."},{"key":"3357_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658259","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.658259","volume":"8","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Qi Y, Wei W, et al. Investigation of Macular Choroidal Thickness and Blood Flow Change by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography after posterior scleral reinforcement. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:658259.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3357_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003290","volume":"42","author":"J Ruiz-Medrano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruiz-Medrano J, Almazan-Alonso E, Flores-Moreno I, Puertas M, Garcia-Zamora M, Ruiz-Moreno JM. Relationship between myopic Choroidal neovascularization activity and perforating scleral vessels in high myopia. Retina. 2022;42(1):204\u20139.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"3357_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.5.570","volume":"87","author":"K Ohno-Matsui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ohno-Matsui K, Yoshida T, Futagami S, et al. Patchy atrophy and lacquer cracks predispose to the development of choroidal neovascularisation in pathological myopia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(5):570\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3357_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.041","volume":"119","author":"PS Muether","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muether PS, Hermann MM, Viebahn U, Kirchhof B, Fauser S. Vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration treated with ranibizumab. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2082\u20136.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"3357_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(83)80018-9","volume":"90","author":"GR Hampton","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hampton GR, Kohen D, Bird AC. Visual prognosis of Disciform Degeneration in Myopia. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(8):923\u20136.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"3357_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90484-0","volume":"106","author":"H Tabandeh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tabandeh H, Flynn HW, Scott IU, et al. Visual acuity outcomes of patients 50 years of age and older with high myopia and untreated choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(11):2063\u20137.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"3357_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00461-5","volume":"110","author":"T Yoshida","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yoshida T, Ohno-Matsui K, Yasuzumi K, et al. Myopic choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(7):1297\u2013305.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"3357_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00930311","volume":"18","author":"A Pece","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pece A, Brancato R, Avanza P, Camesasca F, Galli L. Laser photocoagulation of choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia: long-term results. Int Ophthalmol. 1994;18(6):339\u201344.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3357_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210201200207","volume":"12","author":"JM Ruiz-Moreno","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ruiz-Moreno JM, Montero JA. Long-term visual acuity after argon green laser photocoagulation of juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization in highly myopic eyes. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002;12(2):117\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3357_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181ff9546","volume":"31","author":"AM Coutinho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coutinho AM, Silva RM, Nunes SG, Cachulo ML, Figueira JP, Murta JN. Photodynamic therapy in highly myopic eyes with choroidal neovascularization: 5 years of follow-up. Retina. 2011;31(6):1089\u201394.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"3357_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.06.046","volume":"151","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hayashi K, Ohno-Matsui K, Shimada N, et al. Long-term results of photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in Japanese patients with pathologic myopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151(1):137\u201347. e1.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"30","key":"3357_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721443115","volume":"115","author":"H Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu H, Chen W, Zhao F, et al. Scleral hypoxia is a target for myopia control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(30):E7091\u2013E100.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"13","key":"3357_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.13.25","volume":"61","author":"X Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zhang S, Zhang G, et al. Increased choroidal blood perfusion can inhibit form deprivation myopia in Guinea Pigs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(13):25.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3357_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","volume":"96","author":"D Pascolini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(5):614\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3357_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02088-x","volume":"21","author":"SL Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen SL, Tang PL, Wu TT. Result of intravitreal aflibercept injection for myopic choroidal neovascularization. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021;21(1):342.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3357_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng J, Xu X, Pan CW, et al. Myopic maculopathy among Chinese children with high myopia and its association with choroidal and retinal changes: the SCALE-HM study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2023 Jun;8:bjophthalmol\u20132022.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2022-321839"},{"issue":"5","key":"3357_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000015","volume":"34","author":"G Barteselli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barteselli G, Lee SN, El-Emam S, et al. Macular choroidal volume variations in highly myopic eyes with myopic traction maculopathy and choroidal neovascularization. Retina. 2014;34(5):880\u20139.","journal-title":"Retina"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03357-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03357-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03357-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T11:08:13Z","timestamp":1710328093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03357-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03357-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3188814\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and local approval was received from the institutional review board of Beijing Tongren Hospital (Approval number TRECKY2019-025).Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication of fundus images were obtained from the patients.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"118"}}