{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:42:32Z","timestamp":1791283352841,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Functional visual impairments in children are primarily caused by amblyopia or strabismus. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical profile of amblyopia and strabismus among individuals aged 3\u201316 years in Shanghai, China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From February 2023 to February 2024, this hospital-based, cross-sectional study included data of children who visited the Ophthalmology Department of Shanghai General Hospital. Comprehensive ocular examinations included visual acuity measurement after cycloplegic refraction, slit lamp examination, cover test, and dilated fundus examination. Descriptive statistics were performed to estimate the proportion and clinical characteristics of amblyopia and strabismus.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 920 children were enrolled in our study. Among them, 223 (24.24%) children were identified as amblyopia. Unilateral amblyopia occupied 57.85%, and bilateral amblyopia occupied 42.15%. Most participants were within the age range of 5\u201310 years (75.97% for unilateral amblyopia, and 70.21% for bilateral amblyopia). Anisometropia was the primary cause of unilateral amblyopia (68.99%). Most amblyopic children have high hyperopia (38.76% for unilateral amblyopia, and 39.89% for bilateral amblyopia). 30 (3.26%) children were diagnosed with strabismus, and 19 (63.3%) of them were aged 5\u201310 years. Seven of the children had both strabismus and amblyopia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The proportion of patients with amblyopia and strabismus was determined as 24.24% and 3.26% in our study. Anisometropia was the leading cause of unilateral amblyopia, whereas high hyperopia was a crucial refractive error in the amblyopic population. These findings shed light on further longitudinal studies targeting the age-related changes in amblyopia, strabismus and refraction errors. Therefore, efforts should be made to manage uncorrected refractive errors, amblyopia, and strabismus among children in Shanghai.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03477-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T09:01:54Z","timestamp":1717750914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence and characteristics of amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive errors among patients aged 3\u201316 years in Shanghai, China: a hospital-based population study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jiali","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3477_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2020.1779319","volume":"28","author":"AK Asare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asare AK, et al. Prevalence and pattern of amblyopia in a rural hospital in Ghana. Strabismus. 2020;28:119\u201327.","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"3477_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001","volume":"33","author":"EE Birch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Birch EE. Amblyopia and binocular vision. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;33:67\u201384.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"3477_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35177","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35177","volume":"6","author":"SM Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang SM, et al. Refractive errors and concomitant strabismus: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:35177.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3477_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-02159-4","volume":"42","author":"M Dakroub","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dakroub M, El Hadi D, Moussawi E, Ibrahim Z, P., Al-Haddad C. Characteristics and long-term surgical outcomes of horizontal strabismus. Int Ophthalmol. 2022;42:1639\u201349.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3477_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e055112","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055112","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, et al. Prevalence of strabismus among preschool children in eastern China and comparison at a 5-year interval: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e055112.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3477_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13926-8","volume":"7","author":"C-W Pan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan C-W, et al. School-based assessment of amblyopia and strabismus among multiethnic children in rural China. 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Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and\/or their legal guardian(s).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"239"}}