{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T06:14:35Z","timestamp":1785564875673,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Refractive errors, amblyopia, strabismus, and low vision are more common among children with hearing impairments in comparison with their hearing peers. Neglecting visual disorders can pose educational and social problems for these children. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of refractive errors, amblyopia, strabismus, and low vision among hearing-impaired and deaf students in Kermanshah.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 79 deaf and hearing impaired students within the age range of 7\u201320 years (mean age of 15.01\u2009\u00b1\u20092.72) underwent optometric examinations, including autorefractometry, retinoscopy, ophthalmoscopy, slit lamp, visual acuity measurement, and cover-uncover test. Those who needed further evaluation were referred to the Ophthalmology Clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Regarding the prevalence of refractive errors, 32 (40.5%) subjects had one or a combination of refractive errors, the most common of which was astigmatism (36.7%), followed by amblyopia (15.1%). The most common type of strabismus was latent strabismus (heterophoria) (88.6%), followed by exophoria (81%). Moreover, 3 (3.7%) cases had nystagmus. A significant difference was observed between the prevalence of amblyopia and the degree of hearing loss (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026), and no significant difference was detected in other cases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As evidenced by the obtained results, refractive errors, amblyopia, strabismus, and low vision are more prevalent among deaf and hearing-impaired children compared to normal children because deaf and hearing-impaired children are not able to convey their vision problems and need to compensate for their poor hearing with an enhanced sense of sight, inattention to these disorders can present these children with serious educational and social problems. Therefore, eye screening examinations are of paramount importance in deaf and hearing-impaired children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03515-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T04:01:57Z","timestamp":1718164917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of refractive errors, amblyopia, strabismus, and low vision among hearing-impaired and deaf students in Kermanshah"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Haleh","family":"Kangari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Etemadi","family":"Majd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ghasemi","family":"Broumand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mehdi","family":"Tabatabaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3515_CR1","unstructured":"American Speech_Language Hearing Association. http:\/\/WWW.ash.org\/public\/hearing\/loss website."},{"issue":"1","key":"3515_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.76573","volume":"10","author":"ER Abah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abah ER, Oladigbolu KK, Samaila E, Merali H, Ahmed AO, Abubakar TH. Ophthalmologic abnormalities among deaf students in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2011;10(1):29\u201333.","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3515_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20010101-06","volume":"38","author":"V Brinks","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brinks V, Murphey MH, Cardwell W. Ophthalmologic screening of Deaf students in Oregon. J Pediatr Ophthamology Strabismus. 2001;38(1):11\u20135.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthamology Strabismus"},{"issue":"2","key":"3515_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00615.x","volume":"84","author":"MA Gronlund","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gronlund MA, et al. Ophthalmological findings in a sample of Swedish children aged 4\u201315 years. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84(2):169\u201376.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"3515_CR5","first-page":"39","volume":"45","author":"S Hanioglu - Kargi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hanioglu-Kargi S, Koksal M, Tomac S, Ugurba SH, Alpay A. Ophthalmologic abnormalities in children from a Turkish school for the deaf. Turk J Pediatr. 2003;45(1):39\u201342.","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"3515_CR6","unstructured":"Moradi V, Hosseini SY, Rahbar T. Hearing in children. first edition. Tehran: Ghalame elme Iran university; 1392. pp. 2\u201353. (In Persian)."},{"key":"3515_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grundfast KM, lalwani AK. Practical approach to diagnosis and management of hereditary hearing impairment (HHI).Ear Nose Throat. 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Bina J Ophthalmol. 2017;23(1):57\u201362.","journal-title":"Bina J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3515_CR12","unstructured":"Mohammadi MS. Survey of visual disorders among hearing impaired and deaf students in Sanandaj city. (Thesis for MSc Degree). School of rehabilitation sciences Shahid beheshti university. 1392. pp. 2\u201326. (In Persian)."},{"issue":"6","key":"3515_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0821-7","volume":"266","author":"M Bakhshaee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bakhshaee M, Banaee T, Ghasemi MM, Nourizadeh N. Ophthalmic disturbances in children with sensorineural hearing loss. 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The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1398.822). Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants after the research objectives were explained to them. Informed consent to participate in the research was obtained from all participants, and for those under 16 years of age, it was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of each study participant.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"250"}}