{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:30:50Z","timestamp":1789140650131,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The success of the strabismus surgery can hinge on several factors. One of these factors is refractive condition like hyperopia or myopia. Our study seeks to evaluate the surgical outcomes in patients with esotropia and myopia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This case-control study encompassed all surgical cases of esotropia at Torfe and Negah Hospital between 2016 and 2021, which satisfied our specified inclusion criteria. The initial variables from electronic medical records were collected, including demographic, clinical, and surgery-related factors. At the final follow-up appointment, the level of eye deviation, both at distance and near, was recorded. We considered the operation a \u201csuccess\u201d for patients with a post-surgery distance eye deviation of 10(Pd) or less. Patients with greater deviation were classified as surgery failure. Statistical analyses were executed using SPSS software (version 16.0), and a P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of the 194 patients evaluated, 112 were incorporated into the study. Surgical failure was observed in 14.29% of myopic patients, 29.79% of hyperopic patients, and 31.82% of emmetropic patients. The myopia group displayed a 0.19 odd ratio for surgical failure compared to the combined hyperopia and emmetropia groups, not statistically significant (OR: 0.19, CI 95%: 0.03\u20131.02). Additionally, patients diagnosed with Lateral Rectus Under-action were found to be 6.85 times more likely to experience surgery failure(OR: 6.85, CI 95%: 1.52\u201330.94). An elevated risk of surgical failure was also identified in patients who underwent Inferior Oblique Weakening procedure, indicated by a 3.77-fold increase in the odds ratio for failure(OR: 3.77, CI 95%: 1.08\u201313.17).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In our study, despite numerical disparities, there was no statistical difference among the success rates of all esotropia patients with different refractive errors. The patients with LRUA or IOOA showed lower success rates. Myopic patients had higher post-op overcorrection with lower reoperation rates compared to hyperopic or emmetropic patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03531-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T07:02:20Z","timestamp":1719298940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The effects of refractive status on the outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients with esotropia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zhale","family":"Rajavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Khorrame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadra","family":"Ashrafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"3531_CR1","first-page":"S94","volume":"88","author":"S Kampanartsanyakorn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kampanartsanyakorn S, Surachatkumtonekul T, Dulayajinda D, Jumroendararasmee M, Tongsae S. The outcomes of horizontal strabismus surgery and influencing factors of the surgical success. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(Suppl 9):S94\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"11","key":"3531_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4484","volume":"131","author":"SL Pineles","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pineles SL, Velez FG, Isenberg SJ, Fenoglio Z, Birch E, Nusinowitz S, et al. Functional burden of strabismus: decreased binocular summation and binocular inhibition. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(11):1413\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3531_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.177523","volume":"41","author":"R Saxena","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saxena R, Singh D, Gantyala SP, Aggarwal S, Sachdeva MM, Sharma P. Burden of Ocular Motility Disorders at a Tertiary Care Institution: a case to enhance secondary Level Eye Care. Indian J Community Med. 2016;41(2):103\u20137.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3531_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2020.1832544","volume":"28","author":"Z Rajavi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Kheiri B, Sheibani K. Lateral rectus resection versus lateral rectus plication in patients with residual Esotropia. Strabismus. 2020;28(4):194\u2013200.","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"issue":"1026","key":"3531_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2010.108670","volume":"87","author":"BJ Kushner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kushner BJ. The efficacy of strabismus surgery in adults: a review for primary care physicians. Postgrad Med J. 2011;87(1026):269\u201373.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3531_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2016.11.018","volume":"21","author":"D Zou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zou D, Casafina C, Whiteman A, Jain S. Predictors of surgical success in patients with intermittent exotropia. J Aapos. 2017;21(1):15\u20138.","journal-title":"J Aapos"},{"issue":"2","key":"3531_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.OJO_133_2016","volume":"10","author":"N Kumari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumari N, Amitava AK, Ashraf M, Grover S, Khan A, Sonwani P. Prognostic preoperative factors for successful outcome of surgery in horizontal strabismus. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2017;10(2):76\u201380.","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3531_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.033","volume":"113","author":"S Vitale","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vitale S, Cotch MF, Sperduto R, Ellwein L. Costs of refractive correction of distance vision impairment in the United States, 1999\u20132002. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(12):2163\u201370.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3531_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000223","volume":"91","author":"MT Kulp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kulp MT, Ying GS, Huang J, Maguire M, Quinn G, Ciner EB, et al. Associations between hyperopia and other vision and refractive error characteristics. Optom Vis Sci. 2014;91(4):383\u20139.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3531_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20160926-02","volume":"54","author":"Z Rajavi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rajavi Z, Lashgari A, Sabbaghi H, Behradfar N, Yaseri M. The incidence of reoperation and related risk factors among patients with infantile Exotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(1):22\u201330.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"5","key":"3531_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036\u201342.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3531_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.159728","volume":"22","author":"R Kekunnaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kekunnaya R, Chandrasekharan A, Sachdeva V. Management of Strabismus in Myopes. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015;22(3):298\u2013306.","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3531_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0419-x","volume":"33","author":"YJ Ahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahn YJ, Park YY, Chung YW, Park SH, Shin SY. Surgical and sensory outcomes in patients with intermittent exotropia according to preoperative refractive error. Eye. 2019;33(8):1314\u201320.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"1","key":"3531_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2003.08.006","volume":"8","author":"A Gezer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gezer A, Sezen F, Nasri N, G\u00f6z\u00fcm N. Factors influencing the outcome of strabismus surgery in patients with exotropia. J Am Association Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2004;8(1):56\u201360.","journal-title":"J Am Association Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"12","key":"3531_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.152","volume":"29","author":"MK Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim MK, Kim US, Cho MJ, Baek SH. Hyperopic refractive errors as a prognostic factor in intermittent exotropia surgery. Eye. 2015;29(12):1555\u201360.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"6","key":"3531_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19971101-07","volume":"34","author":"Y Shauly","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shauly Y, Miller B, Meyer E. Clinical characteristics and long-term postoperative results of infantile esotropia and myopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997;34(6):357\u201364.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"6","key":"3531_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120977831","volume":"31","author":"MM Reynolds","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reynolds MM, Diehl NN, Mohney BG. Outcomes in accommodative esotropia with a high AC\/A ratio. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(6):3342\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3531_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0280968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280968","volume":"18","author":"M Roda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roda M, di Geronimo N, Valsecchi N, Gardini L, Fresina M, Vagge A, et al. Epidemiology, clinical features, and surgical outcomes of acute acquired concomitant esotropia associated with myopia. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(5):e0280968.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"3531_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2019.0061","volume":"33","author":"SH Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park SH. Current management of Childhood Amblyopia. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2019;33(6):557\u201368.","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3531_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.03.033","volume":"216","author":"RA Clark","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clark RA, Demer JL. The effect of axial length on Extraocular muscle leverage. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;216:186\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3531_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.55","volume":"26","author":"SH Lim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lim SH, Hwang BS, Kim MM. Prognostic factors for recurrence after bilateral rectus recession procedure in patients with intermittent exotropia. Eye (Lond). 2012;26(6):846\u201352.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3531_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20120804-11","volume":"50","author":"Z Rajavi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rajavi Z, Ferdosi AA, Eslamdoust M, Yaseri M, Haftabadi N, Kroji S, et al. The prevalence of reoperation and related risk factors among patients with congenital esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2013;50(1):53\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"1","key":"3531_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211002706","volume":"32","author":"C Scelfo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scelfo C, Elhusseiny AM, Alkharashi M. Effect of inferior oblique myectomy on primary position when combined with lateral rectus recession for intermittent exotropia. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;32(1):559\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3531_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702091","volume":"20","author":"JY Oh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oh JY, Hwang JM. Survival analysis of 365 patients with exotropia after surgery. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(11):1268\u201372.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3531_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2005.11.015","volume":"10","author":"A Chia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chia A, Seenyen L, Long QB. Surgical experiences with two-muscle surgery for the treatment of intermittent exotropia. J Aapos. 2006;10(3):206\u201311.","journal-title":"J Aapos"},{"issue":"1","key":"3531_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_44_17","volume":"8","author":"CM Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee CM, Sun MH, Kao LY, Lin KK, Yang ML. Factors affecting surgical outcome of intermittent exotropia. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2018;8(1):24\u201330.","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3531_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sathyan S. Outcomes of surgical correction of exotropia in children between 4 to 12 years of age. Kerala J Ophthalmol. 2018;30(3).","DOI":"10.4103\/kjo.kjo_72_18"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03531-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03531-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03531-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T07:07:06Z","timestamp":1719299226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03531-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-024-03531-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Research Ethics Committees of Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (ethical code: IR.SBMU.ORC.REC.1402.007). Given its retrospective design, the aforementioned ethics committee wiaved the requirement for patient informed consent. Moreover, all methods in the present study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"271"}}