{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:58:13Z","timestamp":1783792693133,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-025-04384-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T09:51:00Z","timestamp":1759398660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ptosis: an uncommon manifestation to autoimmune disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Aisha","family":"Al-Battashy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houda Al","family":"Ghaithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batool SH.","family":"Al Lawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8862-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah S.","family":"Al-Mujaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4384_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2009.09.004","volume":"28","author":"E Muscal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Muscal E, Brey RL. Neurological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adults. Neurol Clin. 2010;28(1):61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2009.09.004.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"4384_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e31818ff9aa","volume":"15","author":"BM Greenberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Greenberg BM. The neurologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurologist. 2009;15(3):115\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NRL.0b013e31818ff9aa.","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"4384_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041047","volume":"13","author":"M Musa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Musa M, Chukwuyem E, Ojo OM, Topah EK, Spadea L, Salati C, et al. Unveiling ocular manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Med. 2024;13(4):1047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13041047.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4384_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2016.02.001","volume":"30","author":"SS Shoughy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shoughy SS, Tabbara KF. Ocular findings in systemic lupus erythematosus. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2016;30(2):117\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjopt.2016.02.001.","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4384_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12337","volume":"17","author":"BL Man","year":"2014","unstructured":"Man BL, Mok CC, Fu YP. Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17(5):494\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1756-185X.12337.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"4384_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-1012-1","volume":"19","author":"A Shaban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shaban A, Leira EC. Neurological complications in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2019;19(12):97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-019-1012-1. PMid:30627880.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4384_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145368","volume":"47","author":"S Lessell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lessell S. The neuro-ophthalmology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Doc Ophthalmol. 1979;47(1):13\u201342. DOI: 10.1007\/BF00145368 PMid:520137.","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"685","key":"4384_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.58.685.688","volume":"58","author":"JG Lanham","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lanham JG, Elkon KB, Hughes GR. Ptosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad Med J. 1982;58(685):688\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.58.685.688.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"4384_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316683265","volume":"26","author":"FA De Andrade","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Andrade FA, Guimar\u00e3es Moreira Balbi G, Bortoloti de Azevedo LG, Provenzano S\u00e1 G, Vieira de Moraes Junior H, Mendes Klumb E, Abramino Levy R. Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2017;26(5):522\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961203316683265. PMid:28394224.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"8","key":"4384_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-022-05114-3","volume":"42","author":"VV Paraskevi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paraskevi VV, Aliki VI, Antigone P, Zoi T, Anastasia ZK, Alexandros DA. Orbital myositis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-based review. Rheumatol Int. 2022;42(8):1453\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-022-05114-3.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"4384_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540360023011","volume":"52","author":"JR Keane","year":"1995","unstructured":"Keane JR. Eye movement abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(12):1145\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540360023011.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4384_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2020.19217","volume":"7","author":"AJ Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AJ, Rai AS, Lake S. Orbital myositis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report and literature review. Eur J Rheumatol. 2020;7(3):135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/eurjrheum.2020.19217.","journal-title":"Eur J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"20","key":"4384_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012264","volume":"23","author":"W Lubo\u0144","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lubo\u0144 W, Lubo\u0144 M, Kotyla P, Mrukwa-Kominek E. Understanding ocular findings and manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: update review of the literature. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(20):12264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232012264.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4384_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_12_18","volume":"29","author":"M Nagarajan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagarajan M, Maasila AT, Dhanapriya J, Dineshkumar T, Sakthirajan R, Rajasekar D, Balasubramaniyan T, Gopalakrishnan N. Systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis: a rare association. Indian J Nephrol. 2019;29(1):62\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijn.IJN_12_18. PMid:30814797.","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4384_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab347","volume":"60","author":"G Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruiz-Irastorza G. Prednisone in systemic lupus erythematosus: taper quickly, withdraw slowly. Rheumatology. 2021;60(12):5489\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab347. PMid:33839762.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"4384_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kammoun S, Rekik M, Ellouze E, Amor SB, Feki J. An unusual neuro-ophthalmologic manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in a pediatric patient. J Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Ophtalmologie. 2019;42(8):e351-4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfo.2019.03.026. PMid:31474383.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2019.03.026"},{"issue":"2","key":"4384_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.04.001","volume":"41","author":"B Florica","year":"2011","unstructured":"Florica B, Aghdassi E, Su J, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Fortin PR, et al. Peripheral neuropathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41(2):203\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.04.001.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"4384_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0038-163201","volume-title":"Clinical pathways in neuro-ophthalmology","author":"PW Brazis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brazis PW. Clinical pathways in neuro-ophthalmology. 3rd ed. New York: Thieme; 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/b-0038-163201.","edition":"3"},{"key":"4384_CR19","first-page":"91","volume":"31","author":"R Maamouri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maamouri R, Ferchichi M, Houmane Y, Gharbi Z, Cheour M. Neuro-Ophthalmological manifestations of horner\u2019s syndrome: current perspectives. Eye and brain. Dec. 2023;31:91\u2013100. 2147\/EB.S389630 PMid:37465361.","journal-title":"Dec"},{"issue":"2","key":"4384_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2021.1912113","volume":"46","author":"D Natarajan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Natarajan D, Kannam M, Reddy MV, Sachdeva V. Systemic lupus erythematosus and third nerve palsy: unusual presentation and review of the literature. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2022;46(2):109\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01658107.2021.1912113.","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4384_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foroozan R, Vaphiades M, Kline LB. Kline\u2019s Neuro-Ophthalmology Review Manual. Volume 6. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2025 Jun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003525172.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003525172"},{"issue":"4","key":"4384_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-015-0534-3","volume":"76","author":"C Magro-Checa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Magro-Checa C, Zirkzee EJ, Huizinga TW, Steup-Beekman GM. Management of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: current approaches and future perspectives. Drugs. 2016;76(4):459\u201383.","journal-title":"Drugs"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04384-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04384-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04384-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T09:51:01Z","timestamp":1759398661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04384-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04384-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. The need for ethical approval is waived for case reports by my institute.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"537"}}