{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:39:58Z","timestamp":1780522798909,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-025-04529-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:45:04Z","timestamp":1767026704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiology of pediatric ocular injuries in Poland: cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Toru\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Engelgardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Szwajkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Krzy\u017canowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4529_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922811427583","volume":"51","author":"KA Pollard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pollard KA, Xiang H, Smith GA. Pediatric eye injuries treated in US emergency Departments, 1990\u20132009. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2012;51(4):374\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"8","key":"4529_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2062","volume":"136","author":"E Matsa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matsa E, Shi J, Wheeler KK, McCarthy T, McGregor M, Lou, Leonard JC. Trends in Us emergency department visits for pediatric acute ocular injury. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(8):895\u2013903.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4529_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05368-w","volume":"260","author":"PS Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel PS, Uppuluri A, Zarbin MA, Bhagat N. Epidemiologic trends in pediatric ocular injury in the USA from 2010 to 2019. Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260(4):1387\u201394.","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4529_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoskin AK, Philip SS, Yardley AME, MacKey DA. Eye injury prevention for the pediatric population. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2016;5(3):202\u201311. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/APO.0000000000000193","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000193"},{"issue":"July 2018","key":"4529_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13489","volume":"47","author":"RA Ferguson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferguson RA, Justin M, Mbchb S, Mckelvie J. New Zealand childhood ocular trauma study: analysis of 75 601 cases of ocular injury from 2007 to 2016. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;47(July 2018):718\u201325.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4529_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15531","volume":"57","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Hoskin AK, Watson SL. Epidemiology, aetiology and outcome of paediatric ocular trauma in Sydney. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021;57(9):1479\u201384.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"4529_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13000","volume":"94","author":"J Minderhoud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minderhoud J, van Nispen RMA, Heijthuijsen AAAM, Beunders VAA, Bueno de Mesquita-Voigt AMT, Moll AC, et al. Epidemiology and aetiology of childhood ocular trauma in the Republic of Suriname. Acta Ophthalmol. 2016;94(5):479\u201384.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4529_CR8","first-page":"346","volume":"20","author":"K Salik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salik K, Chrapkiewicz H, Stodolak A, Fuglewicz A. C z\u0119stotliwo\u015b\u0107 uraz\u00f3w Oczu u Dzieci w aglomeracji wroc\u0142awskiej \u2014 rola piel\u0119gniarki w Opiece Nad dzie\u0107mi z Uszkodzeniem narz\u0105du Wzroku. Nurs Top. 2012;20(3):346\u201352.","journal-title":"Nurs Top"},{"issue":"154","key":"4529_CR9","first-page":"532","volume":"2013","author":"I Go\u0142\u0119biak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Go\u0142\u0119biak I, Nitsch-Osuch A, Pawlak M, \u017byci\u0144ska K, Wardyn K. Analiza Przyczyn hospitalizacji Dzieci w wybranym oddziale Okulistycznym w Warszawie w Latach 2002\u20132011. Fam Med Prim Care Rev. 2013;2013(154):532\u20135.","journal-title":"Fam Med Prim Care Rev"},{"key":"4529_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Archambault C, Gabias C, Fallaha N, B\u00e9langer C, Superstein R. Pediatric ocular injuries: a 3-year review of patients presenting to an emergency department in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2019;54(1):83\u20136. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2018.02.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2018.02.006"},{"key":"4529_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Podbielski DW, Surkont M, Tehrani NN, Ratnapalan RS. Pediatric eye injuries in a Canadian emergency department. Can J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2009;44(5):519\u201322. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3129\/i09-093","DOI":"10.3129\/i09-093"},{"issue":"3","key":"4529_CR12","first-page":"161","volume":"94","author":"JG Mancebo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mancebo JG, Garc\u00eda-Loygorri CF, Romero AI, L\u00f3pez PV, Garc\u00eda AR. Ocular trauma in the pediatric emergency departments, characteristics and risk factors of immediate sequelae. Pediatr\u00eda (English Ed. 2021;94(3):161\u201372.","journal-title":"Pediatr\u00eda (English Ed"},{"key":"4529_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abbott J, Shah P. The epidemiology and etiology of pediatric ocular trauma. Surv Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2013;58(5):476\u201385. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.10.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.10.007"},{"key":"4529_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrew TW, Morbia R, Lorenz HP. Pediatric Facial Trauma. Clin Plast Surg [Internet]. 2018; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cps.2018.11.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.11.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"4529_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31822ea9ef","volume":"22","author":"JY Liau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liau JY, Woodlief J, Aalst JA, Van. Pediatric nasoorbitoethmoid fractures. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(5):1834\u20138.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"4529_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.04.020","volume":"191","author":"DA Ramirez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramirez DA, Porco TC, Lietman TM, Keenan JD. Ocular injury in united States emergency departments: seasonality and annual trends estimated from a nationally representative dataset. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;191:149\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4529_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.07.010415","volume":"7","author":"K Bu\u0107an","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bu\u0107an K, Matas A, Lovri\u0107 JM, Batisti\u0107 D, Borjan IP, Puljak L, et al. Epidemiology of ocular trauma in children requiring hospital admission: A 16-year retrospective cohort study. J Glob Health. 2017;7(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"4529_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kinoshita M, Ihara T, Mori T. Characteristics of pediatric ocular trauma in a pediatric emergency department in Japan. Am J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2023;70:75\u201380. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.05.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.05.012"},{"issue":"6","key":"4529_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14086","volume":"97","author":"AK Hoskin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoskin AK, Mackey DA, Keay L, Agrawal R, Watson S. Eye injuries across history and the evolution of eye protection. Acta Ophthalmol. 2019;97(6):637\u201343.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4529_CR20","first-page":"144","volume":"1","author":"M Bazhydai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bazhydai M, Westermann G. From Curiosity, to Wonder, to creativity: A cognitive developmental psychology perspective. Wonder Educ Hum Flourishing. 2020;1(1):144\u201382.","journal-title":"Wonder Educ Hum Flourishing"},{"issue":"2","key":"4529_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0181-5512(04)96122-0","volume":"27","author":"F Kuhn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kuhn F, Morris R, Witherspoon CD, Mester V. Birmingham eye trauma terminology system (BETT). J Fr Ophtalmol. 2004;27(2):206\u201310.","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"4529_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Go CC, Chien L, Lahaie Luna GM, Brice\u00f1o CA. Epidemiology of Product-Related Ocular Injuries in the United States From 2001 to 2020. J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2022;63(4):489\u201397. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2022.04.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2022.04.019"},{"key":"4529_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Mahdi HS, Bener A, Hashim SP. Clinical pattern of pediatric ocular trauma in fast developing country. Int Emerg Nurs [Internet]. 2011;19(4):186\u201391. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ienj.2011.06.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2011.06.008"},{"key":"4529_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5114\/ko.2020.93661","volume":"122","author":"K Mr\u00f3z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mr\u00f3z K, Borys A, Chmielarz-czarnoci\u0144ska A, Gotz-wi\u0119ckowska A. Ophthalmic emergencies in patients under 15 years of age \u2013 a single-center analysis. Klin Oczna. 2020;122:7\u201310.","journal-title":"Klin Oczna"},{"issue":"1","key":"4529_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01363-7","volume":"20","author":"C Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li C, Lin Y, Xiao H, Lin H, Chen Y, Dai M. Epidemiology of pediatric eye injuries requiring hospitalization in rural areas of Wenzhou and Changsha, china: A 10-year retrospective study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):10\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"248","key":"4529_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"VD Antone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antone VD, Cristina D, Fl\u00f3rez P, Juliana C, Garc\u00eda L. Epidemiological findings of childhood ocular trauma in a public hospital in Colombia. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021;21(248):1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4529_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hanson HR, Formica M, Arena DL, Zonfrillo MR, Desai P, Neil JOO et al. A multicenter evaluation of pediatric emergency department injury visits during the COVID \u2013 19 pandemic. Inj Epidemiol [Internet]. 2023;1\u201312. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40621-023-00476-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-023-00476-z"},{"key":"4529_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jovanovic N, Peek-asa C, Zhang L, Cavanaugh JE, Pidro A, Alajbegovic-halimic J et al. The Risk and Protective Factors for Pediatric Eye Injuries: A Case-Crossover Study The Risk and Protective Factors for Pediatric Eye Injuries : A Case-Crossover Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol [Internet]. 2021;00(00):1\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09286586.2021.1877731","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2021.1877731"},{"issue":"1","key":"4529_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.18502\/jovr.v18i1.12729","volume":"18","author":"A Azimi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Azimi A, Abdollahi F, Sadeghi E, Farsiani AR, Moshksar S, Nadi M. Epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric open Globe injuries: A report from Southern Iran. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2023;18(1):88\u201396.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"4529_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-2","volume":"5","author":"AA Omobolanle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Omobolanle AA, Henrietta N. Pattern of paediatric corneal laceration injuries in the university of Port Harcourt teaching hospital, rivers state, Nigeria. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:2\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"4529_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamdad S, Shirvani M, Shahriarirad S, Tamaddon M, Attar A. Epidemiology and characteristics of unintentional self-inflicted penetrating ocular injuries in children less than 6 years-old. BMC Ophthalmol. 2024;24(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03729-7"},{"key":"4529_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmmed AA, Ting DSJ, Figueiredo FC. Epidemiology, economic and humanistic burdens of Ocular Surface Chemical Injury: A narrative review. Ocul Surf [Internet]. 2021;20(February):199\u2013211. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.02.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.02.006"},{"key":"4529_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reynolds KM, Burnham RI, Delva-Clark H, Green JL, Dart RC. Impact of product safety changes on accidental exposures to liquid laundry packets in children. Clin Toxicol [Internet]. 2021;59(5):392\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15563650.2020.1817478","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2020.1817478"},{"key":"4529_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richmond A, Schwebel DC, Morgan CH, Liang ZW, Boutoille A, Buso P et al. The exploration of size and toddler interaction with liquid laundry detergent capsules. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020;15(12 December):1\u201313. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0244481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244481"},{"key":"4529_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gise R, Truong T, Parsikia A, Mbekeani JN. Visual Pathway Injuries in Pediatric Ocular Trauma\u2014A Survey of the National Trauma Data Bank From 2008 to 2014. Pediatr Neurol [Internet]. 2018;85:43\u201350. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2018.04.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2018.04.003"},{"key":"4529_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.035","volume":"252","author":"CMC Becerra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Becerra CMC, Hodge DO, Bradley EA. Incidence and characteristics of facial and ophthalmic injuries from domestic mammal bites. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023;252:164\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"September","key":"4529_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"M Mohammadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammadi M, Attar A, Mahmoudinezhad G, Shahesmaeilinejad A, Zhu D, Fowler B, et al. Clinical characteristics and visual outcomes of animal-induced ocular injuries: a prospective multicenter study in Iran. Front Med. 2024;11(September):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"September","key":"4529_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S479607","volume":"18","author":"A Ikeda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ikeda A, Shimokawa A, Harada K, Tsukahara-Kawamura T, Huang J, Ozaki H, et al. Computer modelling study of volume kinetics in intraocular segments following airbag impact using finite element analysis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2024;18(September):2575\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4529_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12765","volume":"44","author":"A Richards","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richards A. Beware traumatic conjunctivitis: airbags can cause severe alkali eye injuries. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;44(8):732\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4529_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah SM, Shah MA, Singh R, Rathod C, Khanna R. A prospective cohort study on the epidemiology of ocular trauma associated with closed-globe injuries in pediatric age group. Indian J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2020;68(3):1. Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/ijo\/fulltext\/2020\/68030\/A_prospective_cohort_study_on_the_epidemiology_of.22.aspx.","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_463_19"},{"key":"4529_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Phan LT, Jordan Piluek W, McCulley TJ. Orbital trapdoor fractures. Saudi J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2012;26(3):277\u201382. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjopt.2012.05.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2012.05.008"},{"issue":"7","key":"4529_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310890","volume":"102","author":"Y Takahashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takahashi Y, Sabundayo MS, Miyazaki H, Mito H, Kakizaki H. Orbital trapdoor fractures: different clinical profiles between adult and paediatric patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(7):885\u201391.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4529_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-016-0301-9","volume":"37","author":"S Karaman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karaman S, Ozkan B, Gok M, Karakaya I, Kara O, Altintas O, et al. Effect of eye trauma on mental health and quality of life in children and adolescents. Int Ophthalmol. 2017;37(3):539\u201344.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04529-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04529-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04529-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:45:06Z","timestamp":1767026706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04529-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-025-04529-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the study complies with the ethical guidelines and applicable local law. The study was designed as a retrospective. Therefore, consent to participate was not required. This study was approved by the local Bioethics Committee of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn \u2013 Decision No. 39\/2024 \u2013 on December 5, 2024. The present study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"698"}}