{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:48:16Z","timestamp":1787845696098,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-026-04719-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:24:50Z","timestamp":1773768290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Uveitis of undifferentiated etiology: insights into diagnosis and evolution from a cohort of 338 patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Damien","family":"Al-Hamoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Jacquot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ga\u00eblle","family":"Richard-Colmant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Gerfaud-Valentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvan","family":"Jamilloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipe","family":"Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Kodjikian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"S\u00e8ve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4719_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.014","volume":"111","author":"DC Gritz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gritz DC, Wong IG. Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California; the Northern California Epidemiology of Uveitis Study. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(3):491\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.06.014. discussion 500.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"4719_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.11.017","volume":"125","author":"AD Dick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dick AD, Rosenbaum JT, Al-Dhibi HA, et al. Guidance on Noncorticosteroid Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in Noninfectious Uveitis: Fundamentals Of Care for UveitiS (FOCUS) Initiative. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(5):757\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.11.017.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.4.332","volume":"80","author":"A Rothova","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rothova A, Suttorp-van Schulten MS, Frits Treffers W, Kijlstra A. Causes and frequency of blindness in patients with intraocular inflammatory disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80(4):332\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.80.4.332.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4719_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.16.9.865.5048","volume":"16","author":"PT Merrill","year":"1997","unstructured":"Merrill PT, Kim J, Cox TA, Betor CC, McCallum RM, Jaffe GJ. Uveitis in the southeastern United States. Curr Eye Res. 1997;16(9):865\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/ceyr.16.9.865.5048.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4719_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000309382","volume":"189","author":"ES Perkins","year":"1984","unstructured":"Perkins ES, Folk J. Uveitis in London and Iowa. Ophthalmol J Int Ophtalmol Int J Ophthalmol Z Augenheilkd. 1984;189(1\u20132):36\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000309382.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol J Int Ophtalmol Int J Ophthalmol Z Augenheilkd"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-024-00444-8","volume":"14","author":"MA Asghar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asghar MA, Tang S, Wong LP, Yang P, Zhao Q. Infectious uveitis: a comprehensive systematic review of emerging trends and molecular pathogenesis using network analysis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2024;14(1):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-024-00444-8.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"4719_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-03772-8","volume":"5","author":"G Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma G, Arora A, Rojas-Carabali W, et al. A decade-long review: insights into diagnosis and disease evolution of uveitis from a single-center study. Eye Published online April. 2025;5:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-025-03772-8.","journal-title":"Eye Published online April"},{"issue":"8","key":"4719_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2018.1522356","volume":"27","author":"G Richard Colmant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richard Colmant G, Kodjikian L, De Bernecourt P. Uveitis of Unknown Etiology: Clinical and Outcome features. A Retrospective Analysis of 355 Patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(8):1251\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2018.1522356.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"4719_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.10.018","volume":"198","author":"RY Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi RY, Rivera-Grana E, Rosenbaum JT. Reclassifying Idiopathic Uveitis: Lessons from a Tertiary Uveitis Center. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;198:193\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.10.018.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4719_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.010","volume":"16","author":"P S\u00e8ve","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00e8ve P, Cacoub P, Bodaghi B, et al. Uveitis: Diagnostic work-up. A literature review and recommendations from an expert committee. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16(12):1254\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.010.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.018","volume":"17","author":"P Grumet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grumet P, Kodjikian L, de Parisot A, et al. Contribution of diagnostic tests for the etiological assessment of uveitis, data from the ULISSE study (Uveitis: Clinical and medicoeconomic evaluation of a standardized strategy of the etiological diagnosis). Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(4):331\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.10.018.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"4719_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313133","volume":"103","author":"P Chauvelot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chauvelot P, Skanjeti A, Jamilloux Y, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is useful for the diagnosis of intraocular sarcoidosis in patients with a normal CT scan. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(11):1650\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313133.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4719_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.03.061","volume":"228","author":"Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group","year":"2021","unstructured":"Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Development of Classification Criteria for the Uveitides. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;228:96\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.03.061.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4719_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(3):509\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057"},{"key":"4719_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-7-57","volume":"7","author":"T Barisani-Asenbauer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barisani-Asenbauer T, Maca SM, Mejdoubi L, Emminger W, Machold K, Auer H. Uveitis- a rare disease often associated with systemic diseases and infections- a systematic review of 2619 patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012;7:57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1750-1172-7-57.","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080102","volume":"36","author":"E Jakob","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jakob E, Reuland MS, Mackensen F, et al. Uveitis subtypes in a german interdisciplinary uveitis center\u2013analysis of 1916 patients. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(1):127\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.080102.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940600732372","volume":"14","author":"M Khairallah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khairallah M, Attia S, Zaouali S, et al. Pattern of childhood-onset uveitis in a referral center in Tunisia, North Africa. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2006;14(4):225\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273940600732372.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1196713","volume":"26","author":"T Tsirouki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsirouki T, Dastiridou A, Symeonidis C, et al. A Focus on the Epidemiology of Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(1):2\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2016.1196713.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"4719_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13517","volume":"47","author":"CT Hart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hart CT, Zhu EY, Crock C, Rogers SL, Lim LL. Epidemiology of uveitis in urban Australia. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;47(6):733\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.13517.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4719_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020281","volume":"10","author":"T El Jammal","year":"2021","unstructured":"El Jammal T, Loria O, Jamilloux Y, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Kodjikian L, S\u00e8ve P. Uveitis as an Open Window to Systemic Inflammatory Diseases. J Clin Med. 2021;10(2):281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10020281.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"4719_CR21","unstructured":"A decade-long review: insights into diagnosis and disease evolution of uveitis from a single-center study | Eye. Accessed April 30. 2025. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-025-03772-8"},{"issue":"8","key":"4719_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2276304","volume":"32","author":"R Jacquot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jacquot R, Jamilloux Y, Bert A, et al. Etiological Diagnosis of Uveitis: Contribution of the of the Extra-Ophthalmological Clinical Examination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2024;32(8):1655\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09273948.2023.2276304.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"8","key":"4719_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(93)31505-8","volume":"100","author":"SM Malinowski","year":"1993","unstructured":"Malinowski SM, Pulido JS, Goeken NE, Brown CK, Folk JC. The association of HLA-B8, B51, DR2, and multiple sclerosis in pars planitis. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(8):1199\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(93)31505-8.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4719_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507083444","volume":"14","author":"J Le Scanff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Le Scanff J, S\u00e8ve P, Renoux C, Broussolle C, Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Uveitis associated with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl. 2008;14(3):415\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458507083444.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.52.1.179","volume":"52","author":"V Biousse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Biousse V, Trichet C, Bloch-Michel E, Roullet E. Multiple sclerosis associated with uveitis in two large clinic-based series. Neurology. 1999;52(1):179\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.52.1.179.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"4719_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309767","volume":"101","author":"C Rochepeau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rochepeau C, Jamilloux Y, Kerever S, et al. Long-term visual and systemic prognoses of 83 cases of biopsy-proven sarcoid uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(7):856\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309767.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203582","volume":"74","author":"C Stolwijk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stolwijk C, van Tubergen A, Castillo-Ortiz JD, Boonen A. Prevalence of extra-articular manifestations in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(1):65\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203582.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2772-6","volume":"253","author":"J Wach","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wach J, Maucort-Boulch D, Kodjikian L, Iwaz J, Broussolle C, S\u00e8ve P. Acute anterior uveitis and undiagnosed spondyloarthritis: usefulness of Berlin criteria. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253(1):115\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-014-2772-6.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199810000-00004","volume":"316","author":"JD Reveille","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reveille JD. HLA-B27 and the seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Am J Med Sci. 1998;316(4):239\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000441-199810000-00004.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4719_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01087-3","volume":"41","author":"Y Jamilloux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jamilloux Y, Mathis T, Grunewald O, et al. ALPK1 Gene Mutations Drive Autoinflammation with Ectodermal Dysplasia and Progressive Vision Loss. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(7):1671\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01087-3.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4719_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(22)00360-5","volume":"5","author":"H Lequain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lequain H, Vasseneix C, Kodjikian L, Boursier G, Jamilloux Y, S\u00e8ve P. ROSAH syndrome: childhood-onset arthritis, hand deformities, uveitis, and splenomegaly. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023;5(9):e564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(22)00360-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04719-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04719-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04719-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T01:02:46Z","timestamp":1776992566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04719-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04719-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the\n                      Declaration of Helsinki\n                      . According to French law (no. 2004\u2009\u2212\u2009806, 9 August 2004), and because the data were collected retrospectively and patient management was not modified, this study did not require research ethics committee approval and informed consent to participate was waived. However, the cohort study received approval from the local ethics committee (Hospices Civils de Lyon) in February 2019 (No. 19\u201331) and was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 03863782).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"210"}}