{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T02:08:43Z","timestamp":1779156523086,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-026-04789-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:47:17Z","timestamp":1775918837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in epilepsy: a meta-analysis comparing affected patients with healthy controls"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Jiangyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lv","family":"Shuping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Yulei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Congdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Yuanbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(02)00132-3","volume":"50","author":"DP Edward","year":"2003","unstructured":"Edward DP, Kaufman LM. Anatomy, development, and physiology of the visual system. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2003;50(1):1.","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"4789_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banna HU, Slayo M, Armitage JA, et al. Imaging the eye as a window to brain health: frontier approaches and future directions. J Neuroinflamm. 2024:21(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03304-3"},{"key":"4789_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx341","volume":"141","author":"CD Whelan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whelan CD, Altmann A, Botia JA, et al. Structural brain abnormalities in the common epilepsies assessed in a worldwide ENIGMA study. Brain. 2018;141:391\u2013408.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4789_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher RS, Blum DE, Diventura B, et al. Seizure diaries for clinical research and practice: Limitations and future prospects. Epilepsy & Behavior 2012;24: 304\u201310. 3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.04.128"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30038-3","volume":"17","author":"CE Elger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elger CE, Hoppe C. Diagnostic challenges in epilepsy: seizure under-reporting and seizure detection. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(3):279\u201388.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4789_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.11.1595","volume":"64","author":"C Hoppe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoppe C, Poepel A, Elger CE. Epilepsy - Accuracy of patient seizure counts. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(11):1595\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4789_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14068","volume":"59","author":"DJ Thurman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thurman DJ, Begley CE, Carpio A, et al. The primary prevention of epilepsy: A report of the Prevention Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2018;59(5):905\u201314.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227","volume":"9","author":"A London","year":"2013","unstructured":"London A, Benhar I, Schwartz M. The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders. Nat Reviews Neurol. 2013;9(1):44\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.08.026","volume":"153","author":"A Turk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Turk A, Ceylan OM, Arici C, et al. Evaluation of the Nerve Fiber Layer and Macula in the Eyes of Healthy Children Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(3):552\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.047","volume":"116","author":"C Lawthom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lawthom C, Smith PEM, Wild JM. Nasal Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Attenuation, A Biomarker for Vigabatrin Toxicity. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(3):565\u201371.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4789_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000133","volume":"26","author":"T Kostanyan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kostanyan T, Wollstein G, Schuman JS. New developments in optical coherence tomography. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2015;26(2):110\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4789_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page MJ, Mckenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021:88.","DOI":"10.31222\/osf.io\/v7gm2_v1"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12859","volume":"9","author":"L Delazer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Delazer L, Bao H, Lauseker M, et al. Association between retinal thickness and disease characteristics in adult epilepsy: A cross-sectional OCT evaluation. Epilepsia Open. 2024;9(1):236\u201349.","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.14744\/bej.2023.19942","volume":"9","author":"IM Torun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torun IM, Baysal T, Aysen Unsal M, et al. Choroid and Retinal Effects of Epilepsy and Epilepsy Subgroups. Beyoglu eye J. 2024;9(1):14\u20139.","journal-title":"Beyoglu eye J"},{"key":"4789_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tak AZA, Sengul Y, Ekmekci B, et al. Comparison of optic coherence tomography results in patients with diagnosed epilepsy: Findings in favor of neurodegeneration. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2019;92:140\u20134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.12.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"4789_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000419","volume":"20","author":"AA Akcakaya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akcakaya AA, Gokceer S, Erbil HH, et al. Detecting retinal vigabatrin toxicity in patients with partial symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2010;20(4):763\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4789_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kivrak U, Altun IG, Kilinc ET, et al. The effect of epilepsy and anti-epileptic drugs on the anterior and posterior segment of the eye. Clin Exper Optom. 2024.","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2024.2374871"},{"issue":"8","key":"4789_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_2802_22","volume":"71","author":"M Duran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duran M, Aykac S, Eliacik S. Evaluation of ganglion cell complex and retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in epilepsy patients. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023;71(8):3053\u20138.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4789_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2971-0","volume":"38","author":"B Tugcu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tugcu B, Bitnel MK, Kaya FS, et al. Evaluation of inner retinal layers with optic coherence tomography in vigabatrin-exposed patients. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(8):1423\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.02.016","volume":"53","author":"S Dereci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dereci S, Koca T, Akcam M, et al. An Evaluation of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Children With Epilepsy Receiving Treatment of Valproic Acid. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;53(1):53\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4789_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18139","volume":"65","author":"L Stauner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stauner L, Bao H, Delazer L, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of retinal neuroaxonal loss in epilepsy using optical coherence tomography. Epilepsia. 2024;65(12):3644\u201354.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"4789_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cakar MM, Baysal L, Garip R, et al. Microstructural changes in intraretinal layers and macular structures of people with epilepsy measured using optical coherence tomography. Noropsikiyatri Arsivi-Archives of Neuropsychiatry. 2024;61:202\u20137. 3.","DOI":"10.29399\/npa.28410"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231207507","volume":"34","author":"P Gultutan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gultutan P, Nalcacioglu P, Icoz M, et al. Ocular hemodynamics in epileptic children treated with antiepileptic drugs. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2024;34(3):843\u201351.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4789_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalcacioglu P, Icoz M, Gultutan P, et al. Ocular perfusion characteristics of children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Photodiag Photodyn Therapy. 2023; 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103582"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119881982","volume":"31","author":"NB Bilen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilen NB, Titiz AP, Bilen S, et al. Optical coherence tomography and neurodegeneration in epilepsy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(1):252\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4789_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.02.007","volume":"86","author":"JG De la Aleja","year":"2021","unstructured":"De la Aleja JG, Guerrero-Molina MP, SAIZ-DIAZ R A, et al. Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thinning in genetic generalized epilepsy (71, pg 201, 2019). Seizure-European J Epilepsy. 2021;86:213.","journal-title":"Seizure-European J Epilepsy"},{"key":"4789_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong W, Lu L, Chen Q, et al. Reduction of retinal thickness ipsilateral to hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy. Front Neurol. 2021;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.663559"},{"issue":"4","key":"4789_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00505.x","volume":"47","author":"L Lobefalo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lobefalo L, Rapinese M, Altobelli E, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in adolescents with epilepsy treated with valproate and carbamazepine. Epilepsia. 2006;47(4):717\u20139.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"4789_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-310521","volume":"87","author":"S Balestrini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balestrini S, Clayton LMS, Bartmann AP, et al. Retinal nerve fibre layer thinning is associated with drug resistance in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(4):396\u2013401.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"4789_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.13004","volume":"9","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Xiong W, Lu L, et al. The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer, macula, and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer in people with drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia Open. 2024;9(5):1783\u201392.","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"4789_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0583-8","volume":"33","author":"JM Wild","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wild JM, Aljarudi S, Smith PEM, et al. The Topographical Relationship between Visual Field Loss and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thinning Arising from Long-Term Exposure to Vigabatrin. CNS Drugs. 2019;33(2):161\u201373.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"4789_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.10.019","volume":"123","author":"L Delazer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Delazer L, Havla J, Noachtar S, et al. Visual acuity in the context of retinal neuroaxonal loss in people with epilepsy. Seizure-European J Epilepsy. 2024;123:116\u201322.","journal-title":"Seizure-European J Epilepsy"},{"issue":"9","key":"4789_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz221","volume":"142","author":"Vries-knoppertWA De Baaijen","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Baaijen Vries-knoppertWA, Petzold JC. Patterns of retrograde axonal degeneration in the visual system. Brain. 2019;142(9):2775\u201386.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4789_CR34","unstructured":"Vorwerk CK, Simon P, Gorla M, et al. Pilocarpine toxicity in retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Sci 1999;813\u20136."},{"issue":"6","key":"4789_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.021","volume":"120","author":"HY Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park HY, Park YG, Cho AH, et al. Transneuronal retrograde degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells in patients with cerebral infarction. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(6):1292\u20139.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.047","volume":"116","author":"C Lawthom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lawthom C, Smith PE, Wild JM. Nasal retinal nerve fiber layer attenuation: a biomarker for vigabatrin toxicity. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(3):565\u201371.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"4789_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.027","volume":"118","author":"P Barboni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barboni P, Savini G, Parisi V, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in dominant optic atrophy measurements by optical coherence tomography and correlation with age. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):2076\u201380.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4789_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103809","volume":"44","author":"T Oba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oba T, Gulec ZEK, \u00c7i\u00e7ek MF, et al. Retinal and peripapillary vascular density in episodic and chronic migraine cases without aura. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2023;44:103809.","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.01.002","volume":"70","author":"K Bayat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bayat K, Pooyan P, Looha MA, et al. Retinal structural alterations in patients with epilepsy taking antiepileptic drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis of OCT findings. Surv Ophthalmol. 2025;70(3):412\u201325.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4789_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2019.05.015","volume":"154","author":"WX Xiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiong WX, Lu L, Zhang YY, et al. Attenuation of retinal nerve fibre layer in people with epilepsy receiving valproate. Epilepsy Res. 2019;154:144\u20138.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"4789_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnsay RH, Isik GC, Yildirim M, et al. Evaluation of postictal optic nerve sheath diameter at epileptic patients. Epilepsy Behavior. 2023; 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109264"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2013.01.003","volume":"20","author":"S Parikh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parikh S, Gupta A. Autonomic Dysfunction in Epilepsy and Mitochondrial Diseases. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2013;20(1):31\u20134.","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4789_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993981","volume":"67","author":"MJ Hilz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hilz MJ, D\u00fctsch M, K\u00f6lsch C. Epilepsy and autonomic dysfunction. Fortschr Der Neurologie Psychiatrie. 1999;67(2):49\u201359.","journal-title":"Fortschr Der Neurologie Psychiatrie"},{"issue":"11","key":"4789_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.44901.x","volume":"43","author":"EJR Hilton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hilton EJR, Hosking SL, Betts T. Epilepsy patients treated with antiepileptic drug therapy exhibit compromised ocular perfusion characteristics. Epilepsia. 2002;43(11):1346\u201350.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"4789_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000584","volume":"12","author":"S Szeto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Szeto S, K-H, Hui VWK, Siu V, et al. Recent Advances in Clinical Applications of Imaging in Retinal Diseases. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol. 2023;12(2):252\u201363.","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4789_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-DE-Eguileta A, L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda S, Lage C, et al. The retinal ganglion cell layer reflects neurodegenerative changes in cognitively unimpaired individuals. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022;4:1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00998-6"},{"issue":"9","key":"4789_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.51603.x","volume":"46","author":"RSN Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu RSN, Lemieux L, Bell GS, et al. Cerebral damage in epilepsy: A population-based longitudinal quantitative MRI study. Epilepsia. 2005;46(9):1482\u201394.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1998.760103.x","volume":"76","author":"Y Isashiki","year":"1998","unstructured":"Isashiki Y, Nakagawa M, Ohba N, et al. Retinal manifestations in mitochondrial diseases associated with mitochondrial DNA mutation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998;76(1):6\u201313.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"7","key":"4789_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.39.489","volume":"39","author":"AP Amar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Amar AP, Heck CN, Degiorgio CM, et al. Experience with vagus nerve stimulation for intractable epilepsy: Some questions and answers. Neurologia medico-chirurgica. 1999;39(7):489\u201395.","journal-title":"Neurologia medico-chirurgica"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00153-3","volume":"23","author":"S Kimura","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kimura S. Eyelid fluttering accompanying diffuse epileptic EEG induced by eye closure. Pediatr Neurol. 2000;23(1):77\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4789_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-007-0749-5","volume":"28","author":"MM Sumer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sumer MM, ATIK L, UNAL A, et al. Frontal lobe epilepsy presented as ictal aggression. Neurol Sci. 2007;28(1):48\u201351.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4789_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s7.10.x","volume":"44","author":"HS White","year":"2003","unstructured":"White HS. Preclinical development of antiepileptic drugs: Past, present, and future directions. Epilepsia. 2003;44:2\u20138.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"6","key":"4789_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2008.02.007","volume":"17","author":"M-K Yum","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yum M-K, Jung K-Y, Kang H-C, et al. Effect of a ketogenic diet on EEG: Analysis of sample entropy. Seizure-European J Epilepsy. 2008;17(6):561\u20136.","journal-title":"Seizure-European J Epilepsy"},{"issue":"3","key":"4789_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3947","volume":"18","author":"K Staley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Staley K. Molecular mechanisms of epilepsy. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18(3):367\u201372.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"4789_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smiddy WE, Kim SS, Lujan BJ, et al. Myopic traction maculopathy: spectral domain optical coherence tomographic imaging and a hypothesized mechanism. Ophthal Surg Las Imag. 2009;40:169\u201373.","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20090301-21"},{"key":"4789_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy S, Gorin MB, Mccannel TA, et al. Novel KRIT1\/CCM1 mutation in a patient with retinal cavernous hemangioma and cerebral cavernous malformation. Graefes Arch Clin Exper Ophthalmol. 2010;248: 1359\u201361.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1329-6"}],"container-title":["BMC Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04789-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04789-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04789-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T02:02:10Z","timestamp":1779156130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04789-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-026-04789-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"267"}}