{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:56:15Z","timestamp":1781650575626,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate macular optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters and microvascular alterations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive patients, with and without clinically detectable HIV-related non-infectious retinal vasculopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This comparative study included HIV-positive patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent multimodal retinal imaging, including color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and macular OCTA. Quantitative OCTA parameters\u2014parafoveal vessel density (VD) of the superficial (SCP-VD) and deep capillary plexuses (DCP-VD), as well as foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, perimeter, and circularity\u2014were analyzed. Qualitative microvascular changes were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 102 HIV-positive patients and 100 healthy controls were included. All six eyes with clinically detectable HIV retinopathy demonstrated perifoveal capillary abnormalities on OCTA. Among HIV-positive eyes without funduscopic or angiographic evidence of retinopathy, 72 eyes (75%) showed microvascular changes on en face OCTA. Mean SCP-VD and DCP-VD were significantly reduced in the HIV group compared to controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004, respectively). FAZ was significantly larger and less circular in HIV-positive eyes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that longer duration of HIV infection correlated significantly with OCTA vascular changes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.033).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OCTA enables early detection of subclinical retinal microvascular alterations in HIV-positive patients, even in the absence of clinically apparent retinopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-026-04822-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T01:23:04Z","timestamp":1776475384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of macular microvasculature changes in human immunodeficiency virus infection using swept-source OCT angiography"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Meryem","family":"Doukh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ghorbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Bedhiafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Omezzine Letaief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4822_CR1","unstructured":"Fact sheet. 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