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Exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding is examined in relation to the 3-month odds of a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection for 6861 children between the ages of 3\u201318\u2009months, and 5666 children up to the age of 4\u2009years. Analysis was performed using logistic regression models with generalized estimating equation methodology. All models were adjusted for potential confounding variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 3\u20136\u2009months of age, breastfeeding was found to be inversely associated with the odds of respiratory infections with fever (OR\u2009=\u20090.82, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.70\u20130.95), otitis media (OR\u2009=\u20090.76, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.62\u20130.94), and infective gastroenteritis (OR\u2009=\u20090.55, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.46\u20130.70), although the inverse association with respiratory illnesses was observed only for girls during the winter months. Between 6 and 18\u2009months of age, breastfeeding within any 3 month period continued to be inversely associated with the odds of ear infection and infective gastroenteritis, and additionally with the odds of conjunctivitis, and laryngitis and tracheitis, over the same 3 month period within this age range. However, breastfeeding in this group was associated with increased reports of common cold. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding was inversely associated with the odds of otitis media up to 48\u2009months of age (OR\u2009=\u20090.97, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.95\u20130.99) after breastfeeding had stopped.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that breastfeeding can be protective against multiple respiratory and gastrointestinal acute illnesses in some children up to at least 6\u2009months of age, with duration of exclusive breastfeeding being somewhat protective of otitis media even after breastfeeding has stopped.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00279318\">NCT00279318<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Date of registration: January 17, 2006 (proactively registered).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>First Posted: January 19, 2006.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1693-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T04:02:54Z","timestamp":1568779374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["The relationship between breastfeeding and reported respiratory and gastrointestinal infection rates in young children"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"name":"for the TEDDY Study Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0833-4681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Frank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian F.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Uusitalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"L\u00f6nnrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi M.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Hy\u00f6ty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill M.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1693_CR1","volume-title":"The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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