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Iron deficiency is intertwined with nutritional status, age and other comorbidities including helminths and Lead toxicity. Environmental Lead levels accounts for one\u2019s blood Lead (BL) levels. Blood Lead competitively blocks iron absorption, inhibits hemoglobin (Hb) biosynthesis and elevates free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels. Lead toxicity\u2019s contribution towards anemia pathogenesis, especially during malaria infection has not been studied. Concomitant exposure to both malaria infection and Lead pollution, exacerbates the anemia status. This study therefore aimed at expounding the anemia status of these Ugandan children aged under 5years who are exposed to both malaria infection and environmental Lead pollution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Briefly, venous blood samples from 198 children were microscopically assayed for malaria parasite density (PD), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations using the cyanmethemoglobin method, while BL and FEP levels were determined by the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and fifty-one (76.3%) of the children analyzed had moderate anemia (Hb &lt;10&gt;5 g\/dL) with Means of BLL=8.6 \u00b5g\/dL, Hb =7.5 g\/dL, FEP\/Hb =8.3 \u00b5g\/g and PD =3.21\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      parasites \/ \u00b5L, while eight (4%) were severely anemic (&lt;5 g\/dL). Regression analysis and statistical correlation between PD and Hb (r = -0.231, R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.15 P-value &lt; 0.001) was negative and weak as compared to that between FEP\/Hb and Hb (r = -0.6, R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0.572 P-value=0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the study\u2019s findings, we conclude that BL significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of anemia and therefore its co-existence with malaria infection in the host exacerbates the anemia status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02412-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T02:02:30Z","timestamp":1605319350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Relationship between blood Lead status and anemia in Ugandan children with malaria infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ambrose","family":"Mukisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Kasozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Aguttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Vuzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9128-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Kyambadde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2412_CR1","unstructured":"SLUMS IN UGANDA. 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