{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:10:46Z","timestamp":1792289446672,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of obesity among infants less than 2\u2009years of age has increased by more than 60% over the last three decades. Obese infants and toddlers are at an increased risk for staying overweight into adolescence and adulthood. Metabolic programming has been demonstrated in animal models whereby early life feeding habits result in life-long changes in hormone balance and metabolism. Our study explores if newborn over-nutrition on the first day of life (DOL1) is associated with risk for future overweight and obesity in childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective chart data was collected for full term formula-fed infants born between January 2008 and December 2012 who continued care at the same institution. Data included the volume of formula (ml) consumed on DOL1 as well, as subsequent yearly BMI measures from well child checkups (WCC). Overfeeding was categorized as any feed greater than or equal to 30\u2009ml on any of the first seven feeds while controlling for birth weight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The final data set included 1106 infants (547 male; 559 female). 1023 of the 1106 newborns (93%) were overfed at least once during DOL1, while 789 of 1106 (71%) were overfed 3 or more times during their first 7 feeds. After adjusting for birth weight, infants who were overfed 5 of the first 7 feeds were 5 times as likely to be overweight or obese at their 4th year well child check-up (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) compared to children not overfed. Infants who were overfed on all 7 of their first 7 feeds were 7 times more likely to be overweight or obese at their 4th year WCC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants overfed on DOL1 were significantly more likely to be overweight or obese at their 4th year WCC, compared to infants not overfed on their first day of life. Newborn families may benefit from counseling regarding age-appropriate volumes of formula during this critical time period. Future studies will aim to look at effect of implementation of smaller feeding bottle size on reducing overfeeding practices and future risk of overweight and obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1982-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T07:03:07Z","timestamp":1583305387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Newborn feeding recommendations and practices increase the risk of development of overweight and obesity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Brittany","family":"Watchmaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara R.","family":"Dugas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1982_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skinner AC, Ravanbakht SN, Skelton JA, Perrin EM, Armstrong SC. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children, 1999-2016. Pediatrics. 2018. e20173459. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2018-1916.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1916"},{"issue":"11","key":"1982_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12540","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12540","volume":"29","author":"S. N. De Luca","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Luca SN, Ziko I, Dhuna K, et al. Neonatal overfeeding by small-litter rearing sensitises hippocampal microglial responses to immune challenge: Reversal with neonatal repeated injections of saline or minocycline. J Neuroendocrinol. 2017;29(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.12540.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1982_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211159","volume":"99","author":"A Plagemann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Plagemann A, Heidrich I, Gotz F, Rohde W, Dorner G. Obesity and enhanced diabetes and cardiovascular risk in adult rats due to early postnatal overfeeding. Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1992;99(3):154\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0029-1211159.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1982_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3677-6","volume":"16","author":"KA Bolton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bolton KA, Kremer P, Hesketh KD, Laws R, Campbell KJ. The chinese-born immigrant infant feeding and growth hypothesis. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3677-6.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1982_CR5","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. Benefits of Breastfeeding. . https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en-us\/advocacy-and-policy\/aap-health-initiatives\/Breastfeeding\/Pages\/Benefits-of-Breastfeeding.aspx. Updated 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"1982_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2013.00155.x","volume":"9","author":"BG Gibbs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gibbs BG, Forste R. Socioeconomic status, infant feeding practices and early childhood obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2014;9(2):135\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2013.00155.x.","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"issue":"6","key":"1982_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.11.012","volume":"50","author":"JA Woo Baidal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woo Baidal JA, Locks LM, Cheng ER, Blake-Lamb TL, Perkins ME, Taveras EM. Risk factors for childhood obesity in the first 1,000 days: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(6):761\u201379.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1982_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1159\/000356598","volume":"32","author":"DL de Almeida","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Almeida DL, Fabricio GS, Trombini AB, et al. Early overfeed-induced obesity leads to brown adipose tissue hypoactivity in rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2013;32(6):1621\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000356598.","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"1982_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173498","volume":"12","author":"L Sominsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sominsky L, Ziko I, Spencer SJ. Neonatal overfeeding disrupts pituitary ghrelin signalling in female rats long-term; implications for the stress response. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0173498.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"1982_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22203","volume":"26","author":"M Totzauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Totzauer M, Luque V, Escribano J, et al. Effect of lower versus higher protein content in infant formula through the first year on body composition from 1 to 6 years: Follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26(7):1203\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.22203.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"1982_CR11","unstructured":"Am\u0113da. \u201cBelly Balls Lactation Education Tool.\u201d Ameda Inc., 2013, insured.amedadirect.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/belly-balls-card.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"1982_CR12","first-page":"516","volume":"20","author":"R Scammon","year":"1920","unstructured":"Scammon R, Doyle L. Observations on the capacity of the stomach in the first ten days of postnatal life. Am J Dis Children. 1920;20(6):516\u201338.","journal-title":"Am J Dis Children"},{"issue":"8","key":"1982_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12291","volume":"102","author":"NJ Bergman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bergman NJ. Neonatal stomach volume and physiology suggest feeding at 1-h intervals. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(8):773\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.12291.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1982_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200111000-00016","volume":"50","author":"S Zangen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zangen S, Di Lorenzo C, Zangen T, Mertz H, Schwankovsky L, Hyman PE. Rapid maturation of gastric relaxation in newborn infants. Pediatr Res. 2001;50(5):629\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-200111000-00016.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"1982_CR15","unstructured":"Mead Johnson & Company. Newborn Formula Feeding Schedule. Updated 2018."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1982_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1159\/000365031","volume":"64","author":"WH Oddy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oddy WH, Mori TA, Huang RC, et al. Early infant feeding and adiposity risk: From infancy to adulthood. Ann Nutr Metab. 2014;64(3\u20134):262\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000365031.","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"1982_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2015.05.003","volume":"70","author":"Q Du","year":"2015","unstructured":"Du Q, Hosoda H, Umekawa T, et al. Postnatal weight gain induced by overfeeding pups and maternal high-fat diet during the lactation period modulates glucose metabolism and the production of pancreatic and gastrointestinal peptides. Peptides. 2015;70:23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2015.05.003.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"1982_CR18","unstructured":"World Health Organization, UNICEF. Baby friendly hospital initiative. 2009. http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/topics\/bfhi\/en\/."}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-020-1982-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-020-1982-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-020-1982-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T19:20:19Z","timestamp":1614799219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12887-020-1982-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-020-1982-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.20437\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.20437\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.20437\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.20437\/v4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"104"}}