{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:05:25Z","timestamp":1790557525797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Information on the foot structures of Central Anatolian children is limited. Foot structures of children aged 6\u201310\u2009years were shown to be different according to sex and increasing age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to compare the foot anthropometric values by age and sex and collect the foot anthropometric data to reveal the relationship between pes planus and pes cavus in the arches of children according to age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Footprints of 335 children (180 boys and 155 girls) aged 6\u201310\u2009years were taken by the pedigraph method and evaluated using 18 different parameters. The TFL (Truncated foot length), FL (foot length), Arch Index, Chippaux Smirak Index, Staheli Arc Index, and foot rotation values of the children were examined. To examine the relationship between the parameters, normality values were examined. Independent samples t-test was used to analyze sex differences in terms of foot size and shape.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Correlations between other parameters were determined using the correlations analysis method. TFL, metatarsal circumference, and FL were strongly correlated with age in the children. Foot rotation increased with body mass index in the girls compared to that in the boys. According to the evaluation results with the classification made with the Staheli arch index, 63.3% pes planus, 9.8% pes cavus and 27.7% of the normal arch structure were identified.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Planning shoe production accordingly will contribute to the development of healthy feet in children. This article focused on foot structures of in Central Anatolia and to identify early foot deformities in children. This study found that the length of the TFL was smaller in boys than in girls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02645-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T05:03:03Z","timestamp":1619499783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Paediatric flat foot and foot dimension in Central Anatolia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Serap","family":"Alsancak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senem","family":"Guner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enver","family":"G\u00fcven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Koray","family":"\u00d6zg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunis","family":"Akka\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neslihan","family":"Alk\u0131s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2645_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-09-19-5089","volume":"49","author":"C Turner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turner C, Gardiner MD, Midgley A, Stefanis A. A guide to the management of paediatric pes planus. Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(5):245\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31128\/AJGP-09-19-5089.","journal-title":"Aust J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2645_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.09.013","volume":"43","author":"EJ Harris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harris EJ, Vanore JV, Thomas JL, Kravitz SR, Stephen A. Mendelson, et al. diagnosis and treatment of pediatric flatfoot. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2004;43(6):341\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.09.013.","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2645_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4667","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4667","volume":"16","author":"S Dars","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dars S, Uden H, Kumar S, Banwell HA. When, why and how foot orthoses (FOs) should be prescribed for children with flexible pes planus: a Delphi survey of podiatrists. PeerJ. 2018;16(6):e4667.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000106","volume":"27","author":"K Kane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kane K. Foot orthoses for pediatric flexible flatfoot: evidence and current practices among Canadian physical therapists. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2015;27(1):53\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000106.","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"2645_CR5","first-page":"CD006311","volume":"7","author":"K Rome","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rome K, Ashford RL, Evans A. Non-surgical interventions for paediatric pes planus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;7(7):CD006311.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2645_CR6","first-page":"11","volume":"30","author":"H Banwell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Banwell H, Paris M, Mackintosh S, Williams C. Paediatric flexible flat foot: how are we measuring it and are we getting it right? A systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2018;30:11\u201321.","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR7","first-page":"247","volume":"23","author":"F Halabchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Halabchi F, Mazaheri R, Mirshahi M, Abbasian L. Pediatric flexible flatfoot; clinical aspects and algorithmic approach. Iran J Pediatr. 2013;23(3):247\u201360.","journal-title":"Iran J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR8","first-page":"69","volume":"47","author":"AM Evans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Evans AM, Rome K. A Cochrane review of the evidence for non-surgical interventions for flexible pediatric flat feet. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2011;47(1):69\u201389.","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200305000-00007","volume":"11","author":"RM Schwend","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schwend RM, Drennan JC. Cavus foot deformity in children. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003;11(3):201\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/00124635-200305000-00007.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2645_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2019.02.001","volume":"24","author":"N Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl N, Weinberg MW. Anatomy and biomechanics of Cavovarus deformity. Foot Ankle Clin. 2019;24(2):173\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fcl.2019.02.001.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2645_CR11","first-page":"141","volume":"12","author":"JJ Echarri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Echarri JJ, Forriol F. The development in footprint morphology in 1851 Congolese children from urban and rural areas, and the relationship between this and wearing shoes. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2003;12(2):141\u20136.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B"},{"issue":"5","key":"2645_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1330-4","volume":"170","author":"KC Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen KC, Yeh CJ, Kuo JF, Hsieh CL, Yang SF, et al. Footprint analysis of flatfoot in preschool-aged children. Eur J Pediatr. 2011;170(5):611\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963637","volume":"37","author":"MR Hawes","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hawes MR, Sovak D, Miyashita M, et al. Ethnic differences in forefoot shape and the determination of shoe comfort. Ergonomics. 1994;37(1):187\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139408963637.","journal-title":"Ergonomics."},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"2645_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1537\/ase.106.Supplement_161","volume":"106","author":"M Kouchi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kouchi M. Foot dimensions and foot shape: differences due to growth, generation and ethnic origin. Anthropol Sci. 1998;106(Supplement):161\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1537\/ase.106.Supplement_161.","journal-title":"Anthropol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2645_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.07.019","volume":"79","author":"D Tomassoni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomassoni D, Traini E, Amenta F. Gender- and age-related differences in foot morphology. Maturitas. 2014;79(4):421\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.07.019.","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"issue":"9","key":"2645_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2010.0815","volume":"31","author":"P Lizis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lizis P, Posadzki P, Smith T. Relationship between explosive muscle strength and medial longitudinal arch of the foot. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(9):815\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3113\/FAI.2010.0815.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"2645_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1884-4","volume":"172","author":"KC Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen KC, Tung LC, Yeh CJ, Yang JF, Kuo JF, Wang CH. Change in flatfoot of preschool-aged children: a 1-year follow-up study. Eur J Pediatr. 2013;172(2):255\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-012-1884-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769030-00014","volume":"69","author":"LT Staheli","year":"1987","unstructured":"Staheli LT, Chew DE, Corbett M. The longitudinal arch. A survey of eight hundred and eighty-two feet in normal children and adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69(3):426\u20138.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"2645_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1380-7","volume":"170","author":"KC Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen KC, Yeh CJ, Tung LC, Yang JF, Yang SF, Wang CH. Relevant factors influencing flatfoot in preschool- aged children. Eur J Pediatr. 2011;170(7):931\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-010-1380-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2645_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2009.0326","volume":"30","author":"JP Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen JP, Chung MJ, Wang MJ. Flatfoot prevalence and foot dimensions of 5- to 13-year-old children in Taiwan. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(4):326\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3113\/FAI.2009.0326.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.10.357","volume":"35","author":"S M\u00fcller","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00fcller S, Carlsohn A, M\u00fcller J, Baur H, Mayer F. Static and dynamic foot characteristics in children aged 1\u201313 years: a cross-sectional study. Gait Posture. 2012;35(3):389\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.10.357.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"2645_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.08.003","volume":"32","author":"K Bosch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bosch K, Gerss J, Rosenbaum D. Development of healthy Children\u2019s feet \u2013 nine-year results of a longitudinal investigation of plantar loading patterns. Gait Posture. 2010;32(4):564\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.08.003.","journal-title":"Gait Posture."},{"key":"2645_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.906030","volume":"24","author":"M Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu M, Hong Y, Li JX, Wang L. Foot morphology in Chinese school children varies by sex and age. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:4536\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.906030.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"5","key":"2645_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.895055","volume":"57","author":"L Delgado-Abellan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Delgado-Abellan L, Aguado X, Jimenez-Ormeno E, et al. Foot morphology in Spanish school children according to sex and age. Ergonomics. 2014;57(5):787\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139.2014.895055.","journal-title":"Ergonomics."},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2016.1144654","volume":"8","author":"B Barisch-Fritz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barisch-Fritz B, Plank C, Grau S. Evaluation of the rule-of-thumb: calculation of the toe allowance for developing feet. Footwear Sci. 2016;8(3):119\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19424280.2016.1144654.","journal-title":"Footwear Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2014.04.007","volume":"20","author":"A Waseda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Waseda A, Suda Y, Inokuchi S, Nishiwaki Y, Toyama Y. Standard growth of the foot arch in childhood and adolescence \u2013 derived from the measurement results of 10,155 children. Foot Ankle Surg. 2014;20(3):208\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2014.04.007.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2645_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(01)00009-6","volume":"32","author":"LR Prado-Le\u00f3n","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prado-Le\u00f3n LR, Avila-Chaurand R, Gonzalez-Munoz EL. Anthropometric study of Mexican primary school children. Appl Ergon. 2001;32(4):339\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-6870(01)00009-6.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"2645_CR28","first-page":"69","volume":"18","author":"SB Bari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bari SB, Othman M, Salleh NM. Foot anthropometry for shoe design among preschool children in Malaysia. Pertanika J Soc Sci Humanit. 2010;18:69\u201379.","journal-title":"Pertanika J Soc Sci Humanit"},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-2-12","volume":"2","author":"RG Nielsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nielsen RG, Rathleff MS, Simonsen OH, Langberg H. Determination of normal values for navicular drop during walking: a new modelcorrecting for foot length and gender. J Foot Ankle Res. 2009;2(1):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1757-1146-2-12.","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-1-6","volume":"1","author":"AC Redmond","year":"2008","unstructured":"Redmond AC, Crane YZ, Menz HB. Normative values for the foot posture index. J Foot Ankle Res. 2008;1(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1757-1146-1-6.","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2645_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/51.731323","volume":"17","author":"TY Sh\u0131ang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sh\u0131ang TY, Lee SH, Lee SJ, et al. Evaluating different footprint parameters as a predictor of arch height. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1998;17(6):62\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/51.731323.","journal-title":"IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079201300104","volume":"13","author":"MR Hawes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hawes MR, Nachbauer W, Sovak D, Nigg BM. Footprint parameters as a measure of arch height. Foot Ankle. 1992;13(1):22\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079201300104.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"2","key":"2645_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079001100208","volume":"11","author":"F Forriol","year":"1990","unstructured":"Forriol F, Pascual J. Footprint analysis between three and seventeen years of age. Foot Ankle. 1990;11(2):101\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079001100208.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"1","key":"2645_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0321-z","volume":"15","author":"IC Sacco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sacco IC, Onodera AN, Bosch K, Rosenbaum D. Comparisons of foot anthropometry and plantar arch indices between German and Brazilian children. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-015-0321-z.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2645_CR35","unstructured":"Jaworski JM, Puch EA. Morphology of overweighted children foot. Proceedings of the 82nd Anatomy Society meeting, pp 89\u201394, Leipzig, 1987."},{"issue":"6","key":"2645_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200607","volume":"22","author":"JC Gilmour","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gilmour JC, Burns Y. The measurement of the medial longitudinal arch in children. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22(6):493\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110070102200607.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2645_CR37","first-page":"153","volume":"11","author":"M Ibeabuchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ibeabuchi M, Obun C, Olabiyi O, Oluwabusola E, Adebayo A. Prevalence of flat foot among 6-15-year-old Nigerian school children resident in Lagos. J Anatom Sci. 2020;11(2):153\u20138.","journal-title":"J Anatom Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2645_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-7515(03)00084-6","volume":"8","author":"DH Van Boerum","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Boerum DH, Sangeorzan BJ. Biomechanics and pathophysiology of flat foot. Foot Ankle Clin. 2003;8(3):419\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1083-7515(03)00084-6.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"2645_CR39","unstructured":"Grivas TB. Flexible flatfoot, in Grivas TB (ed): Foot and Ankle, Vol. 1. Athens, Ch. Vasiliadis Publisher, 2002, pp. 185\u2013231."}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02645-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02645-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02645-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T05:03:22Z","timestamp":1619499802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02645-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02645-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was a voluntary basis that provided privacy and confidentially to the participants. Parents and children provided their written consent to participate. Ankara University of Medical Sciences Ethics Board approved the consent and study procedures (Number 16\/242).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"200"}}