{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:31:38Z","timestamp":1790026298448,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children who are high priority candidates for early intervention need to be identified to reduce their risk for experiencing problems in development. Those exposed to multiple risk factors are more likely to exhibit problems in development than those exposed to a single or no risk factor. We examined the longitudinal associations between persistence and timing of exposure to cumulative risk (CR) on three occasions by age 2 and problems in development at age 4.5 in health, behavior, and education-related domains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data are from<jats:italic>Growing Up in New Zealand<\/jats:italic>(NZ), a prospective longitudinal study of a birth cohort first assessed during their last trimester in 2009\u201310 and followed at ages 9\u2009months and 2 and 4.5\u2009years. All women with an expected delivery date in a 12-month period who resided within a defined region were invited to participate, with no additional eligibility criteria. Exposure was measured for 12 sociodemographic and maternal health risk factors at third trimester and ages 9\u2009months and 2\u2009years, from which developmental trajectories were constructed capturing persistence and timing of CR exposure. Ten developmental outcomes were measured at age 4.5 to classify problems in overall health status, obesity, and injuries; internalizing and externalizing behavior problems; and letter naming, counting forward and backward, and expectations for starting school and completing education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses of data from 6156 children (49% female, 33% Non-European ethnicity) who participated in the 4.5-age assessment uniformly showed associations between exposure to more than consistently zero CR across early development and higher prevalence of being classified with problems for 9 of 10 outcomes. Persistent exposure to a CR\u2009\u2265\u20094 was generally associated with a higher prevalence of problems for 7 of 10 outcomes, whereas the timing of first exposure to CR\u2009\u2265\u20094 showed a less consistent association with problem outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings are concerning because over 50% of NZ children are exposed to at least one of these risk factors at some point in early development. Routine screening of most of these risk factors during pregnancy is feasible and can identify priority candidates for intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02652-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T12:02:31Z","timestamp":1623931351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Patterns of risk exposure in first 1,000 days of life and health, behavior, and education-related problems at age 4.5: evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand, a longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1489-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan L.","family":"Wallander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polly Atatoa","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Waldie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M. B.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00560.x","volume":"22","author":"M Rutter","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rutter M. Stress, coping, and development: some issues and some questions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1981;22(4):323\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00560.x.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl E1","key":"2652_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.SE1.1287","volume":"102","author":"AJ Sameroff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sameroff AJ. Environmental risk factors in infancy. Pediatrics. 1998;102(Suppl E1):1287\u201392.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.3.383","volume":"13","author":"AJ Sameroff","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sameroff AJ, Seifer R, Zax M, Barocas R. Early indicators of developmental risk: Rochester longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(3):383\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/13.3.383.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"2652_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.76.5.525","volume":"76","author":"MD Newcomb","year":"1986","unstructured":"Newcomb MD, Maddahian E, Bentler PM. Risk factors for drug use among adolescents: concurrent and longitudinal analyses. Am J Pub Health. 1986;76(5):525\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.76.5.525.","journal-title":"Am J Pub Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2652_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00804.x","volume":"65","author":"T Luster","year":"1994","unstructured":"Luster T, McAdoo HP. Factors related to the achievement and adjustment of young African American children. Child Dev. 1994;65(4):1080\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00804.x.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2652_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.10.007","volume":"62","author":"M Shaw","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Najman JM. Teenage children of teenage mothers: psychological, behavioural and health outcomes from an Australian prospective longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(10):2526\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.10.007.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.115915","volume":"94","author":"S Paranjothy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paranjothy S, Broughton H, Adappa R, Fone D. Teenage pregnancy: who suffers? Arch Dis Child. 2009;94(3):239\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2007.115915.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"2652_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1436","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3222","volume":"127","author":"CR Chittleborough","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chittleborough CR, Lawlor DA, Lynch JW. Young maternal age and poor child development: predictive validity from a birth cohort. Pediatrics. 2011;127(6):e1436\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-3222.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2652_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031808","volume":"139","author":"GW Evans","year":"2013","unstructured":"Evans GW, Li D, Whipple SS. Cumulative risk and child development. Psychol Bull. 2013;139(6):1342\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031808.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579498001709","volume":"10","author":"K Deater-Deckard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Deater-Deckard K, Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS. Multiple risk factors in the development of externalizing behavior problems: group and individual differences. Dev Psychopathol. 1998;10(3):469\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579498001709.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2652_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.5.924","volume":"39","author":"GW Evans","year":"2003","unstructured":"Evans GW. A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Dev Psychol. 2003;39(5):924\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.39.5.924.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2652_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00521-w","volume":"47","author":"JL Wallander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wallander JL, Berry S, Carr PA, Peterson ER, Waldie KE, Marks E, et al. Patterns of exposure to cumulative risk through age 2 and associations with problem behaviors at age 4.5: evidence from growing up in New Zealand. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019;47(8):1277\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-019-00521-w.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2652_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028015","volume":"67","author":"H Yoshikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoshikawa H, Aber JL, Beardslee WR. The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: implications for prevention. Am Psychol. 2012;67(4):272\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0028015.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2652_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00469","volume":"73","author":"GW Evans","year":"2002","unstructured":"Evans GW, English K. The environment of poverty: multiple stressor exposure, psychophysiological stress, and socioemotional adjustment. Child Dev. 2002;73(4):1238\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8624.00469.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"9555","key":"2652_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60032-4","volume":"369","author":"S Grantham-McGregor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B. International child development steering group. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369(9555):60\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60032-4.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2652_CR16","unstructured":"Center on the Developing Child. 8 things to remember about child development. Cambridge: Harvard University; undated. Available from: https:\/\/developingchild.harvard.edu\/resources\/8-things-remember-child-development\/. Cited 2019 Nov 10"},{"key":"2652_CR17","volume-title":"Vulnerability Report 1: Exploring the definition of vulnerability for children in their first 1000 days","author":"SMB Morton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morton SMB, Atatoa Carr PE, Grant CC, Berry SD, Marks EJ, Chen XM-H, et al. Growing Up in New Zealand: A longitudinal study of New Zealand children and their families. In: Vulnerability Report 1: Exploring the definition of vulnerability for children in their first 1000 days. Auckland: University of Auckland: Growing Up in New Zealand; 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.growingup.co.nz\/growing-reports. Cited 2020 Aug 28."},{"issue":"9556","key":"2652_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60076-2","volume":"369","author":"SP Walker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardner JM, Lozoff B, Wasserman GA, Pollitt E. Carter JA; international child development steering group. Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369(9556):145\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60076-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2652_CR19","volume-title":"From neurons to neighborhoods: the science of early childhood development","year":"2000","unstructured":"Phillips DA, Shonkoff JP, editors. From neurons to neighborhoods: the science of early childhood development. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2000."},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x","volume":"1186","author":"BS McEwen","year":"2010","unstructured":"McEwen BS, Gianaros PJ. Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186(1):190\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017773","volume":"117","author":"BL Ganzel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ganzel BL, Morris PA, Wethington E. Allostasis and the human brain: integrating models of stress from the social and life sciences. Psychol Rev. 2010;117(1):134\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0017773.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000289","volume":"23","author":"RP Juster","year":"2011","unstructured":"Juster RP, Bizik G, Picard M, Arsenault-Lapierre G, Sindi S, Trepanier L, et al. (2011). A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout life span development. Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23(3):725\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579411000289.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2652_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.2.341","volume":"43","author":"GW Evans","year":"2007","unstructured":"Evans GW, Kim P, Ting AH, Tesher HB, Shannis D. Cumulative risk, maternal responsiveness, and allostatic load among young adolescents. Dev Psychol. 2007;43(2):341\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.43.2.341.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"2652_CR24","unstructured":"Growing Up in New Zealand. About Growing Up in New Zealand. Auckland: University of Auckland. Available from https:\/\/www.growingup.co.nz\/about-growing. Cited 2020 Aug 28"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr206","volume":"42","author":"SBM Morton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morton SBM, Atatoa Carr PE, Grant CC, Robinson EM, Bandara DK, Bird A, et al. Cohort profile: growing up in New Zealand. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(1):65\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyr206.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2652_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","volume":"150","author":"JL Cox","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150(6):782\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(96)00008-0","volume":"39","author":"JL Cox","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cox JL, Chapman G, Murray D, Jones P. Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in non-postnatal women. J Affect Disord. 1996;39(3):185\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-0327(96)00008-0.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2652_CR28","volume-title":"NZDep2006 index of deprivation","author":"CE Salmond","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salmond CE, Crampton P, Atkinson J. NZDep2006 index of deprivation. Wellington: Department of Public Health, University of Otago; 2007. Report available from: https:\/\/www.otago.ac.nz\/wellington\/otago020337.pdf. Cited 2019 Nov 10"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR29","first-page":"324","volume":"8","author":"M Rutter","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rutter M. (1979). Protective factors in children\u2019s responses to stress and disadvantage. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1979;8(3):324\u201338 PMID: 547874.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"4","key":"2652_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1647","volume":"117","author":"LJ Bauman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bauman LJ, Silver EJ, Stein RE. Cumulative social disadvantage and child health. Pediatr. 2006;117(4):1321\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-1647.","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2652_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.26.2.549","volume":"26","author":"MD Bramlett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bramlett MD, Blumberg SJ. Family structure and children's physical and mental health. Health Aff. 2007;26(2):549\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.26.2.549.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-7-40","volume":"7","author":"DE Kohen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kohen DE, Brehaut JC, Garner RE, Miller AR, Lach LM, Klassen AF, et al. Conceptualizing childhood health problems using survey data: a comparison of key indicators. BMC Pediatr. 2007;7(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-7-40.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2652_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113003868","volume":"73","author":"HD McCarthy","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCarthy HD. Measuring growth and obesity across childhood and adolescence. Proc Nutr Soc. 2014;73(2):210\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665113003868.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2652_CR34","volume-title":"Growth Charts","author":"New Zealand Ministry of Health","year":"2010","unstructured":"New Zealand Ministry of Health. Growth Charts. Auckland: New Zealand Ministry of Health; 2010. Available from: http:\/\/www.moh.govt.nz\/moh.nsf\/indexmh\/childhealth-wellchildservices-growthcharts. Cited 2019 Nov 10"},{"issue":"5","key":"2652_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman R. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):581\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2652_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1210","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2920","volume":"135","author":"S Croft","year":"2015","unstructured":"Croft S, Stride C, Maughan B, Rowe R. Validity of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics. 2015;135(5):e1210\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-2920.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2652_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0176-2","volume":"45","author":"S D\u2019Souza","year":"2017","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza S, Waldie KE, Peterson ER, Underwood L, Morton SM. Psychometric properties and normative data for the preschool strengths and difficulties questionnaire in two-year-old children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2017;45(2):345\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-016-0176-2.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2007.00461.x","volume":"13","author":"EM Warnick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Warnick EM, Bracken MB, Kasl S. (2008). Screening efficiency of the child behaviour checklist and strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a systematic review. Child Adolesc Mental Health. 2008;13(3):140\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2007.00461.x.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Mental Health"},{"key":"2652_CR39","unstructured":"Center on Teaching and Learning. DIBELS letter naming fluency. Eugene: University of Oregon. Available from: https:\/\/dibels.uoregon.edu\/assessment\/dibels\/measures\/lnf.php. Cited 2019 Nov 10"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2012.04.004","volume":"28","author":"SP Suggate","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suggate SP, Schaughency EA, Reese E. Children learning to read later catch up to children reading earlier. Early Child Res Q. 2012;28(1):33\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecresq.2012.04.004.","journal-title":"Early Child Res Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2307\/747907","volume":"23","author":"DJ Walsh","year":"1988","unstructured":"Walsh DJ, Price GG, Gillingham MG. The critical but transitory importance of letter naming. Read Res Q. 1988;23(1):108\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/747907.","journal-title":"Read Res Q"},{"key":"2652_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little RJ, Rubin DB. Statistical analysis with missing data. 3rd ed. Hoboken: Wiley; 2019.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119482260"},{"key":"2652_CR43","volume-title":"Now we are four: describing the preschool years","author":"SMB Morton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morton SMB, Grant CC, Berry SD, Walker CG, Corkin M, Ly K, et al. Growing up in New Zealand: a longitudinal study of New Zealand children and their families. In: Now we are four: describing the preschool years. Auckland: Growing Up in New Zealand; 2017. https:\/\/www.growingup.co.nz\/growing-reports."},{"issue":"4","key":"2652_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00911218","volume":"13","author":"R Barocas","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barocas R, Seifer R, Sameroff AJ. Defining environmental risk: multiple dimensions of psychological vulnerability. Am J Community Psychol. 1985;13(4):433\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00911218.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2652_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2009.03.001","volume":"9","author":"V Felitti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Felitti V. Adverse childhood experiences and adult health. Acad Pediatr. 2009;9(3):131\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2009.03.001.","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2652_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2537","volume":"172","author":"MT Merrick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Merrick MT, Ford DC, Ports KA, Guinn AS. Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences from the 2011-2014 behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 23 states. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(11):1038\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2537.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"19","key":"2652_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.19.1690","volume":"280","author":"J Zhang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yu KF. What\u2019s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. JAMA. 1998;280(19):1690\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.280.19.1690.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2652_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0586-7","volume":"18","author":"S Teague","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teague S, Youssef GJ, Macdonald JA, Sciberras E, Shatte A, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, et al. Retention strategies in longitudinal cohort studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-018-0586-7.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02652-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02652-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02652-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T13:45:23Z","timestamp":1672494323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02652-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02652-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ministry of Health Northern Y Regional Ethics Committee (NTY\/08\/06\/055) provides ethical approval for the Growing Up in New Zealand study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating mothers.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"285"}}