{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T11:33:23Z","timestamp":1781523203299,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To summarize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of superabsorbent polymer balls as nasal foreign bodies in children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We retrospectively analysed the clinical data concerning 12 cases of superabsorbent polymer balls as nasal foreign bodies in children and summarized the corresponding clinical features, methods of diagnoses and treatment, and prognoses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twelve children with superabsorbent polymer balls as foreign bodies in their nasal cavities presented with relatively severe symptoms, such as congestion, runny nose, and nasal swelling. When such foreign bodies stay in the nasal cavity for a prolonged period, patients may suffer from general discomfort, such as agitation, poor appetite and high fever. Most of the children had to undergo nasal endoscopy under general anaesthesia to have the foreign bodies completely removed. An intraoperative examination revealed significant mucosal injury within the nasal cavity. With regular follow-up visits and adequate interventions, all the patients recovered.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The longer superabsorbent polymer balls remain in the nasal cavity, the more damaged the nasal mucosa will be. It is challenging to remove such foreign bodies in the outpatient setting. Transnasal endoscopy under general anaesthesia appears to be safer and more effective in such cases. Since the nasal mucosa is injured to varying degrees, postoperative follow-up and treatment are equally important for preventing the occurrence of complications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02740-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T04:04:20Z","timestamp":1623384260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Superabsorbent polymer balls as foreign bodies in the nasal cavities of children: our clinical experience"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sai-hong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-xiong","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-shu","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2740_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.08.036","volume":"79","author":"EA Cetinkaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cetinkaya EA, Arslan \u0130B, Cukurova \u0130. Nasal foreign bodies in children: types, locations, complications and removal. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(11):1881\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.08.036.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2740_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28913","volume":"130","author":"ME Sancaktar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sancaktar ME, Bayraktar C, Bak\u0131rta\u015f M. Injury mechanism of button batteries in the nasal cavity and possible mitigation strategies during impaction. Laryngoscope. 2020;130(10):2487\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.28913.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"3","key":"2740_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.10.041","volume":"50","author":"SS Bakshi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bakshi SS, Coumare VN, Priya M, Kumar S. Long-term complications of button batteries in the nose. J Emerge Med. 2016;50(3):485\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.10.041.","journal-title":"J Emerge Med"},{"key":"2740_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lou ZC. Analysis of nasal foreign bodies in 341 children. J Laryngol Otol. 2019:1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215119001944"},{"issue":"1","key":"2740_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2018.09.009","volume":"37","author":"LC Oyama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oyama LC. Foreign bodies of the ear, nose and throat. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2019;37(1):121\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2018.09.009.","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"2740_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2017.02.013","volume":"134","author":"PE Regonne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Regonne PE, Ndiaye M, Sy A, Diandy Y, Diop AD, Diallo BK. Nasal foreign bodies in children in a pediatric hospital in Senegal: a three-year assessment. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2017;134(5):361\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anorl.2017.02.013.","journal-title":"Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2740_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2011.01471.x","volume":"23","author":"P Mishra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mishra P, Bhakta P, Kumar S, Al Abri R, Burad J. Sudden near-fatal tracheal aspiration of an undiagnosed nasal foreign body in a small child. Emerg Med Australasia. 2011;23(6):776\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2011.01471.x.","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australasia"},{"issue":"10","key":"2740_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1673-0860.2019.10.013","volume":"54","author":"FZ Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang FZ, Zhang J, Zhao J. Bronchial foreign body due to nasal foreign body: a case report. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2019;54(10):776\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1673-0860.2019.10.013.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"2740_CR9","first-page":"17","volume":"67","author":"KC Chiun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiun KC, Tang IP, Tan TY, Jong DE. Review of ear, nose and throat foreign bodies in Sarawak general hospital. A five year experience. Med J Malaysia. 2012;67(1):17\u201320.","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2740_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3685","volume":"130","author":"IJ Zamora","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zamora IJ, Vu LT, Larimer EL, Olutoye OO. Water-absorbing balls: a \"growing\" problem. Pediatrics. 2012;130(4):e1011\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-3685.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2740_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002357","volume":"70","author":"T Michelakos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michelakos T, Tanaka M, Patel MS, Ryan DP. Orbezoar: a superabsorbent polymer causing small bowel obstruction in a toddler. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(2):e48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002357.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2740_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.02.016","volume":"56","author":"S Ramgopal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramgopal S, Ramprasad VH, Manole MD, Maguire RC. Expansile superabsorbent polymer ball foreign body in the ear. 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The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital. Due to all participants included in the study are under 18, informed consent was obtained from all individual participants\u2019 parents and\/or legal guardian.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent for publication was obtained from all patients\u2019 parents for the use of their medical records and exam images in writing this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"273"}}