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There are concerns, however, that such rapid weight gain may lead to an increased childhood adiposity risk, although long-term data are sparse.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective observational study included two well-characterized cohorts comprising 145 infants born at &lt;\u200928\u2009weeks or with &lt;\u20091000\u2009g birth weight. We investigated associations between advancing enteral feeding volumes in daily increments of 15\u201320\u2009ml\/kg (Cohort 1, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200984, born in 2006\/2007) vs. 25\u201330\u2009ml\/kg (Cohort 2, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200961, born in 2010) and growth up to 5\u2009years of age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There was no significant difference in anthropometric parameters post discharge to 5\u2009years between both cohorts. Standard deviation score (SDS) weight and SDS BMI at the age of 5 years remained lower than in the reference population. SDS weight decreased from discharge to about 10\u201312\u2009months postnatal age and returned to birth values by age 5\u2009years. There was a catch-up for SDS length\/height from discharge to 5\u2009years; SDS head circumference decreased from birth to 5 years. Multiple regression analyses revealed that for all anthropometric parameters SDS at birth was the most important predictor for SDS at 5\u2009years. Early parenteral protein intake may be another important factor, at least for head growth.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Growth was similar in both cohorts without benefit from more accelerated feeding advancement in cohort 2. In both cohorts, early enteral nutrition was associated with in-hospital weight gain as in utero, a drop in weight SDS post discharge and catch-up to birth SDS until age 5 years, remaining below the reference population. Length showed catch-up form discharge to 5\u2009years, whereas head circumference progressively deviated from the reference population. Increased parenteral protein supplementation may be needed to accompany early enteral feeding advancements.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02878-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T07:04:36Z","timestamp":1632380676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enteral feeding advancement and growth until 5\u2009years in extremely preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Wiechers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Niklas","family":"Doll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Gr\u00fcndler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"B\u00fcchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian F.","family":"Poets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel R.","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2878_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0211","volume":"123","author":"BE Stephens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stephens BE, Walden RV, Gargus RA, Tucker R, McKinley L, Mance M, et al. 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Ethics approval for the study was given by the Ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Tuebingen (Project number: 210\/2018BO2), Ethik Kommission, Eberhard Karls University, Gartenstra\u00dfe 47, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany) and written informed parental consent was obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial relationship relevant to this article to disclose.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"420"}}