{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:02:08Z","timestamp":1793674928753,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health","award":["1R25TW011213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R25TW011213"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the commonest glomerular disease among children. It is characterized by heavy proteinuria and is a risk factor for hypothyroidism in the affected children. Hypothyroidism is of concern because it affects the physical and intellectual development of children and adolescents. This study sought to establish the prevalence and factors associated with hypothyroidism among children and adolescents with NS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional design was used to study 70 children and adolescents aged 1\u201319 years diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and being followed up in the kidney clinic in Mulago National Referral Hospital. Questionnaires were used to collect patients\u2019 socio-demographics and clinical information. A blood sample was taken for analysis for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), renal function tests and serum albumin. Hypothyroidism included both overt and subclinical forms. Overt hypothyroidism was defined as TSH level\u2009&gt;\u200910 mU\/L and FT4\u2009&lt;\u200910pmol\/L, or FT4\u2009&lt;\u200910pmol\/l with normal TSH, or TSH\u2009&lt;\u20090.5mU\/l. Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was defined as TSH ranging between 5 and10 mU\/L with normal age appropriate FT4 levels. Urine samples were collected and taken for a dipstick examination. The data was analyzed using STATA version 14. The Bayesian Logistic regression analysis approach was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their associated 95% credible intervals. All predictor variables with p value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 at frequentist statistical analysis were considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age (standard deviation) of participants was 9 years (3.8). There were more males; 36 of 70 (51.4%). The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 23% (16\/70 participants). Of the 16 children with hypothyroidism, 3 (18.7%) had overt hypothyroidism while 13 had subclinical hypothyroidism. Only low serum albumin was found to be strongly associated with hypothyroidism; Bayesian OR 132.57 (CI 9.13\u2013567.10) with a frequentist OR of 37 and a p value of 0.001.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of hypothyroidism among children and adolescent with nephrotic syndrome attending Mulago Hospital paediatric kidney clinic was 23%. Hypoalbuminemia was found to be associated with hypothyroidism. Therefore, children and adolescents that have severely low levels of serum albumin should be screened for hypothyroidism and linked to endocrinologists for care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04610-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T04:03:14Z","timestamp":1708315394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hypothyroidism among children and adolescents with nephrotic syndrome in Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maureen","family":"Tumwesige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Rujumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thereza","family":"Piloya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith Caroline","family":"Aujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4610_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14184-0","volume":"362","author":"AA Eddy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eddy AA, Symons JM. Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. Lancet Child. 2003;362:629.","journal-title":"Lancet Child"},{"issue":"10141","key":"4610_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30536-1","volume":"392","author":"DG Noone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noone DG, Iijima K, Parekh R. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. Lancet (London England). 2018;392(10141):61\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"4610_CR3","unstructured":"KDIGO. Clinical practice guideline for glomerulonephritis. Official J Int Soc Nephrol. 2012;3(1)."},{"issue":"4","key":"4610_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00856516","volume":"8","author":"S Ito","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ito S, Kano K, Ando T, Ichimura T. Thyroid function in children with nephrotic syndrome. 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Administrative clearance was obtained from Mulago National referral Hospital ethics committee and the paediatric renal clinic. The caregivers of participants below 18years of age provided written informed consent and all children aged 8-17years provided assent and those 18 and 19 years gave informed consent to participate in the study. All the information collected in this study was treated with uttermost confidentiality and results were only disclosed to the participants, their guardians and clinicians. The participants that were found to have hypothyroidism were linked to the paediatric endocrinology clinic for further medical attention. This research was conducted in line with the declaration of Helsinki guidelines on human subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"132"}}