{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T21:26:55Z","timestamp":1793914015101,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In April 2020, an association between multisystem inflammatory syndromes (MIS-C) was observed in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2). Most patients had heart involvement alone, and most patients had pericardial effusion. This study aimed to express and emphasize cardiac involvement in pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms who were diagnosed with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted in July 2021 in Kerman province, Southeastern Iran, during a notable surge in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. The study included 904 pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Data collection involved a comprehensive assessment of clinical symptoms and manifestations. Patients with fever lasting more than five days were admitted to the hospital. Echocardiography was utilized for cardiac involvement diagnosis, with 47 patients undergoing this diagnostic procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 904 patients, most of them had high fevers (74%). Fifty-five patients had a fever for more than five days and were hospitalized. Of the 47 patients who underwent echocardiography, 45 (81%) had heart involvement. In 75% of patients, pericardial effusion was the only cardiac involvement. Patients with pericardial effusion were treated with dexamethasone up to 3\u00a0mg every 8\u00a0h for 72\u00a0h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MIS-C has a wide range of clinical symptoms. In cases where the fever is prolonged and there are gastrointestinal symptoms, physicians have clinical suspicion to diagnose this syndrome. Most cases of pericardial effusion are alone and improve with treatment with glucocorticosteroids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04652-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T06:14:15Z","timestamp":1710310455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) post-COVID-19 in Iran: clinical profile, cardiac features, and outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Hoseininasab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Sinaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ahmadipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Derakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Najafzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh Karami","family":"Robati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maedeh","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarehossadat","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31094-1","volume":"395","author":"S Riphagen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395:1607\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4652_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinaei R, Hosseininasab A, Jafari M, Eslami S, Parvaresh S. The multisystem inflammatory syndrome of childhood (MIS-C). Indian J Pediatr. 2021.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03617-0"},{"key":"4652_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2091","volume":"325","author":"LR Feldstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feldstein LR, Tenforde MW, Friedman KG, Newhams M, Rose EB, Dapul H, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of US children and adolescents with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) compared with severe acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2021;325:1074\u201387.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4652_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin M. Childhood multisystem inflammatory syndrome\u2014a new challenge in the pandemic. Mass Medical Soc. 2020:393\u20135.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2023158"},{"key":"4652_CR5","unstructured":"Organization WH. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19: scientific brief, May 15 2020: World Health Organization; 2020 [Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/332095"},{"key":"4652_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021756","volume":"383","author":"EM Dufort","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dufort EM, Koumans EH, Chow EJ, Rosenthal EM, Muse A, Rowlands J, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York State. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:347\u201358.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4652_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2030280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.30280","volume":"3","author":"EH Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee EH, Kepler KL, Geevarughese A, Paneth-Pollak R, Dorsinville MS, Ngai S, et al. Race\/ethnicity among children with COVID-19\u2013associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2030280\u2013e.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"4652_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31103-X","volume":"395","author":"L Verdoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, Martelli L, Ruggeri M, Ciuffreda M, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1771\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4652_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.11.016","volume":"29","author":"PT Levy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Levy PT, Machefsky A, Sanchez AA, Patel MD, Rogal S, Fowler S, et al. Reference ranges of left ventricular strain measures by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:209\u201325.e6.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"4652_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41454","volume":"72","author":"LA Henderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henderson LA, Canna SW, Friedman KG, Gorelik M, Lapidus SK, Bassiri H, et al. American college of rheumatology clinical guidance for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with SARS\u2013CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in pediatric COVID\u201019: version 1. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72:1791\u2013805.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"4652_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05754-z","volume":"40","author":"G Alkan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alkan G, Sert A, Oz SK, Emiroglu M, Y\u0131lmaz R. Clinical features and outcome of MIS-C patients: an experience from Central Anatolia. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40:4179\u201389.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"4652_CR12","unstructured":"Yilmaz D, Ekemen Keles Y, Emiroglu M, Duramaz BB, Ugur C, Aldemir Kocabas B et al. Evaluation of 601 children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (Turk MISC study). Eur J Pediatrics. 2023:1\u20132."},{"key":"4652_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10369","volume":"324","author":"E Whittaker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, Kaforou M, Jones CE, Shah P, et al. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2020;324:259\u201369.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4652_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049836","volume":"143","author":"T Alsaied","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsaied T, Tremoulet AH, Burns JC, Saidi A, Dionne A, Lang SM, et al. Review of cardiac involvement in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Circulation. 2021;143:78\u201388.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4652_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toubiana J, Poirault C, Corsia A, Bajolle F, Fourgeaud J, Angoulvant F et al. Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 pandemic in Paris, France: prospective observational study. BMJ. 2020;369.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2094"},{"key":"4652_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e927","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000484","volume":"135","author":"BW McCrindle","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, Burns JC, Bolger AF, Gewitz M, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135:e927\u2013e99.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4652_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100774","volume":"33","author":"BW McCrindle","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCrindle BW, et al. Assessment of myocardial function in pediatric patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19 by three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a case-control study. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;33:100774.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"4652_CR18","first-page":"210","volume":"50","author":"M Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson M, Smith P, Brown L, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a retrospective analysis. J Pediatr. 2023;50:210\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"4652_CR19","first-page":"135","volume":"60","author":"N Garcia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garcia N, Martinez R, Lopez S, et al. Inflammatory markers in pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome: a prospective study. Pediatr Int. 2023;60:135\u201342.","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"4652_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048360","volume":"142","author":"Z Belhadjer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Belhadjer Z, M\u00e9ot M, Bajolle F, Khraiche D, Legendre A, Abakka S, et al. Acute heart failure in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in the context of global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Circulation. 2020;142:429\u201336.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4652_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouldali N, Yang DD, Madhi F, Levy M, Gaschignard J, Craiu I et al. Factors associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatrics. 2021;147.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-023432"},{"key":"4652_CR22","first-page":"90","volume":"8","author":"S Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee S, et al. Intensive care requirements in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome: a retrospective analysis. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 2023;8:90\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Intensive Care"},{"key":"4652_CR23","first-page":"320","volume":"55","author":"K Roberts","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roberts K, et al. Critical care needs in pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome: a comparative study. Pediatrics. 2023;55:320\u201330.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4652_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02974-9","volume":"21","author":"L Acevedo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Acevedo L, Pi\u00f1eres-Olave BE, Ni\u00f1o-Serna LF, et al. Mortality and clinical characteristics of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with covid-19 in critically ill patients: an observational multicenter study (MISCO study). BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02974-9","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04652-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04652-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04652-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T06:20:42Z","timestamp":1710310842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04652-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04652-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study had been approved by the ethics committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.KMU.AH.REC.1400.126).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from parents.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"179"}}