{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T14:29:10Z","timestamp":1749738550545,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Predicting and finding the viral agents responsible for neonatal late-sepsis has always been challenging.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, which has been done from September 2020 to December 2022, 145 hospitalized neonates suspected to late-onset sepsis alongside routine sepsis workup, were also evaluated for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) infection, by nasopharyngeal real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or serological tests.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>145 neonates including 81 girls and 64 boys with a mean age of 12.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.9 days and an average hospitalization stay of 23.1\u2009\u00b1\u200915.4 days were enrolled in the study. While 76.6% of them had negative bacterial culture, 63 patients (43.4%) showed evidence of SARS-COV-2 infection in RT-PCR or serology tests. None of the underlying factors including gender, age, and laboratory investigation had a significant relationship with SARS-COV-2 infection. Similarly, the outcomes of death and length of hospitalization were not different between the two groups with positive and negative SARS-COV-2 RT-PCR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There was only a significant relationship between radiological changes including reticulonodular pattern, consolidation, pleural effusion, and different types of infiltrations and SARS-COV2 infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Considering the widespread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in newborns, it seems logical to investigate the SARS-COV-2 infection in late-sepsis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04665-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T02:01:49Z","timestamp":1710554509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The footprint of SARS-COV-2 infection in neonatal late sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7774-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Jamali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Mohammadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2702-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Sinaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8335-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maedeh","family":"Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Sabzevari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hasannejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Covid\u201319","key":"4665_CR1","first-page":"13","volume":"27","author":"R Sinaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sinaei R, Pezeshki S, Asadipour A, Shiari R, Sinaei R, Sinaei A. Anti-rheumatic drugs as potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory agents against COVID-19: a systematic review. Pharm Sci. 2021;27(Covid\u201319):13\u2013S28.","journal-title":"Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4665_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-020-00392-y","volume":"17","author":"R Sinaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sinaei R, Pezeshki S, Parvaresh S, Sinaei R. Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review. World J Pediatr. 2021;17(1):10\u201320.","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"4665_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03684-7","volume":"179","author":"I Liguoro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liguoro I, Pilotto C, Bonanni M, Ferrari ME, Pusiol A, Nocerino A, et al. SARS-COV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatrics. 2020;179:1029\u201346.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"4665_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30040-7","volume":"4","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Qi H, Bao L, Li F, Shi Y. A contingency plan for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in neonatal intensive care units. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(4):258\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"4665_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634844","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.634844","volume":"9","author":"M Hassan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hassan M, Khalil A, Magboul S, Alomari O, Abdalla T, Alsliman H, et al. Neonates and young infants with COVID-19 presented with sepsis-like syndrome: a retrospective case controlled study. Front Pead. 2021;9:634844.","journal-title":"Front Pead"},{"issue":"5","key":"4665_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04358-8","volume":"181","author":"IM Akin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akin IM, Kanburoglu MK, Tayman C, Oncel MY, Imdadoglu T, Dilek M, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of neonates with late-onset COVID-19: 1-year data of Turkish neonatal society. Eur J Pediatrics. 2022;181(5):1933\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4665_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03392-1","volume":"22","author":"Z Jamali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jamali Z, Sinaei R, Estabragh ER, Ahangaran A. Sigmoid colon perforation in a SARS-CoV-2 positive neonate: a uniqueness report and a brief review. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):327.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4665_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396318666220806143047","volume":"19","author":"Z Jamali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jamali Z, Sinaei R, Razi L. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in a Newborn (MIS-N): clinical evidence and neurodevelopmental outcome. Curr Pediatr Reviews. 2023;19(2):210\u20132.","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"4665_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25740","volume":"92","author":"Q Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu Q, Shi Y. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and neonate: what neonatologists need to know. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):564\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4665_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000346365","volume":"103","author":"DC Kasper","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kasper DC, Altiok I, Mechtler TP, et al. Molecular detection of lateonset neonatal sepsis in premature infants using small blood volumes: proof-of-concept. Neonatology. 2013;103(4):268\u201373.","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4665_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1334886","volume":"225","author":"R Leistner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leistner R, Piening B, Gastmeier P, Geffers C, Schwab F. Nosocomial infections in very low birthweight infants in Germany: current data from the National Surveillance System NEO-KISS. Klin Padiatr. 2013;225(2):75\u201380.","journal-title":"Klin Padiatr"},{"key":"4665_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaren SH, Dayan PS, Fenster DB, Ochs JB, Vindas MT, Bugaighis MN et al. Novel coronavirus infection in febrile infants aged 60 days and younger. Pediatrics. 2020;146(3).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1550"},{"issue":"10235","key":"4665_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30920-X","volume":"395","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, Liu L, Zhang D, Xu J, Dai H, Tang N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses. Lancet. 2020;395(10235):1517\u201320.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"4665_CR14","first-page":"61","volume":"7","author":"M Saeedi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saeedi M, Sangsari R. Neonatal clinical early-onset Sepsis and COVID-19: a Case Presentation. Case Rep Clin Pract. 2022;7(2):61\u20134.","journal-title":"Case Rep Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"4665_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2022.07.028","volume":"29","author":"M Kaveh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaveh M, Sadatinejad SM. Management of neonatal sepsis with COVID-19 infection in a premature newborn-A case report. J Neonatal Nurs. 2023;29(2):409\u201312.","journal-title":"J Neonatal Nurs"},{"issue":"7","key":"4665_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.0878","volume":"174","author":"L Zeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeng L, Xia S, Yuan W, Yan K, Xiao F, Shao J, et al. Neonatal early-onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in 33 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(7):722\u20135.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"4665_CR17","unstructured":"Pishtazteb Diagnostics 2021 [Available from: http:\/\/pishtazteb.com\/en\/products\/molecular-kits\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"4665_CR18","first-page":"142","volume":"54","author":"IO Odabasi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Odabasi IO, Bulbul A. Neonatal sepsis. \u015ei\u015fli Etfal Hastanesi Tip B\u00fclteni. 2020;54(2):142\u201358.","journal-title":"\u015ei\u015fli Etfal Hastanesi Tip B\u00fclteni"},{"key":"4665_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00285","volume":"6","author":"C Klingenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klingenberg C, Kornelisse RF, Buonocore G, Maier RF, Stocker M. Culture-negative early-onset neonatal sepsis\u2014at the crossroad between efficient sepsis care and antimicrobial stewardship. Front Pead. 2018;6:285.","journal-title":"Front Pead"},{"issue":"6","key":"4665_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.1662","volume":"113","author":"CL Byington","year":"2004","unstructured":"Byington CL, Enriquez FR, Hoff C, Tuohy R, Taggart EW, Hillyard DR, et al. Serious bacterial infections in febrile infants 1 to 90 days old with and without viral infections. Pediatrics. 2004;113(6):1662\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4665_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon AK, Hollander GA, McMichael A. Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2015;282(1821):20143085.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.3085"},{"key":"4665_CR22","unstructured":"Das S, Kashyap B, Mohapatra S, Jothisri L, Srivastava S, Singh NP. Clinico-microbiological profile of neonatal sepsis among babies born to COVID-19 positive mothers: a study from dedicated COVID tertiary care center. East J Med Sci. 2022:5\u201311."},{"issue":"12","key":"4665_CR23","first-page":"14997","volume":"9","author":"K Najib","year":"2021","unstructured":"Najib K, Moghtaderi M, Amanati A, Rezaei M, Namavari N. Neonatal Sepsis as a risk factor Associated with severe COVID-19: a Case Report with Clinical and Imaging features. Int J Pediatr. 2021;9(12):14997\u20135002.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"issue":"19","key":"4665_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010614","volume":"382","author":"A Coronado Munoz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coronado Munoz A, Nawaratne U, McMann D, Ellsworth M, Meliones J, Boukas K. Late-onset neonatal sepsis in a patient with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):e49.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4665_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z-J, Yu X-J, Fu T, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Yang BX et al. Novel coronavirus infection in newborn babies aged\u2009<\u200928 days in China. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(6).","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00697-2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"4665_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1747634","volume":"52","author":"M Kamali Aghdam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamali Aghdam M, Jafari N, Eftekhari K. Novel coronavirus in a 15-day-old neonate with clinical signs of sepsis, a case report. Infect Dis. 2020;52(6):427\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"issue":"08","key":"4665_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710541","volume":"37","author":"D Buonsenso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buonsenso D, Costa S, Sanguinetti M, Cattani P, Posteraro B, Marchetti S, et al. Neonatal late onset infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(08):869\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4665_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27472","volume":"94","author":"C Marsico","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marsico C, Capretti MG, Aceti A, Vocale C, Carfagnini F, Serra C, et al. Severe neonatal COVID-19: challenges in management and therapeutic approach. J Med Virol. 2022;94(4):1701\u20136.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4665_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e246100","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-246100","volume":"14","author":"A Kallimath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kallimath A, Garegrat R, Patnaik S, Suryawanshi P. Shock and dyselectrolytemia in a neonate with late-onset COVID-19 infection. BMJ Case Rep CP. 2021;14(9):e246100.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep CP"},{"issue":"4","key":"4665_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0743","volume":"106","author":"SNN Tatura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tatura SNN. Case report: severe COVID-19 with late-onset sepsis-like illness in a neonate. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;106(4):1098.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4665_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamali Z, Dehghani F, Hosseininasab A. A case report of late-onset neonatal meningitis caused by SARS-CoV-2. Archives Pediatr Infect Dis. 2022;10(Suppl).","DOI":"10.5812\/pedinfect.113879"},{"issue":"1","key":"4665_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003351","volume":"41","author":"E B\u00f6nc\u00fco\u011flu","year":"2022","unstructured":"B\u00f6nc\u00fco\u011flu E, Kiymet E, \u00c7elebi MY, Cem E, G\u00fclderen M, \u015eahinkaya \u015e, et al. Do not miss the diagnosis of bacterial sepsis in infants with COVID-19. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2022;41(1):e31\u2013e2.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"4665_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-021-2136-3","volume":"58","author":"B Shah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shah B, Dande V, Rao S, Prabhu S, Bodhanwala M. Outcome of Covid-19 positive newborns presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Indian Pediatr. 2021;58:177\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"4665_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeedi M, Sangsari R, Mirnia K. COVID-19 in neonates: a review. Iran J Pediatr. 2021;31(1).","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.104423"},{"issue":"7","key":"4665_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2022.01179","volume":"66","author":"A Limavady","year":"2023","unstructured":"Limavady A, Airlangga E, Malisie RF, Pasaribu AP. Chest x-ray findings in children with COVID-19: lesson learned from referral hospitals in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2023;66(7):317\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4665_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2020.02.06","volume":"9","author":"H Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, Peng S, Zhang L, Chang G, et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Translational Pediatr. 2020;9(1):51.","journal-title":"Translational Pediatr"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04665-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04665-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04665-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T02:02:24Z","timestamp":1710554544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04665-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04665-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2431"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (ID: IR.KMU.REC.1399.670). Informed consent was obtained from all legal guardian(s). All experimental protocols were approved by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"184"}}