{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:57:33Z","timestamp":1791475053815,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>With a wide therapeutic index, efficacy, ease of use, and other neuroprotective and respiratory benefits, caffeine citrate(CC) is currently the drug of choice for preterm neonates (PTNs). Caffeine-induced excessive energy expenditure, diuresis, natriuresis, and other CC-associated potential side-effects (CC-APSEs) result in lower daily-weight gain (WG) in premature neonates. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for daily-WG in neonates exposed to different dose regimens of caffeine in ICU.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included neonates of \u2264\u200936weeks gestational age (GA) and received CC-therapy. The same participants were followed for data analysis in two postnatal phases: 15\u201328 and 29\u201342 days of life (DOL). Based on daily CC-dose, formed group-I (received; standard-doses\u2009=\u20095\u00a0mg\/kg\/day), group-II (received;&gt;5-7\u00a0mg\/kg\/day), and group-III (received;&gt;7\u00a0mg\/kg\/day). Prenatal and postnatal clinical characteristics, CC-regimen, daily-WG, CC-APSEs, and concomitant risk-factors, including daily-caloric intake, Parenteral-Nutrition duration, steroids, diuretics, and ibuprofen exposure, were analyzed separately for group-II and group-III using group-I as standard. Regression analysis was performed to evaluate the risk factors for daily-WG.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Included 314 PTNs. During 15\u201328 DOL, the mean-daily-WG(MD-WG) was significantly higher in group-I than group-II [19.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.70\u00a0g\/kg\/d vs. 17.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.52 <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036] and group-III [19.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.70\u00a0g\/kg\/d vs. 16.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.73 <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001]. During 29\u201342 DOL the MD-WG of group-I was only significantly higher than group-III [21.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.44\u00a0g\/kg\/d vs. 18.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.41\u00a0g\/kg\/d <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003] and comparable with group-II. During 15\u201328 DOL, observed CC-APSEs was significantly higher in group-II and III but during 29\u201342 DOL it was only significant in group-III. In the adjusted regression analysis for daily-WG during 15-28DOL, with respect to standard-dose, 5-7\u00a0mg\/kg\/day (\u03b2=-1.04; 95%CI:-1.62,-0.93) and &gt;\u20097-10\u00a0mg\/kg\/day (\u03b2=-1.36; 95%CI:-1.56,-1.02) were associated with a lower daily-WG. However, during 29-42DOL, this association was present only for &gt;\u20097-10\u00a0mg\/kg\/day (\u03b2=-1.54; 95%CI:-1.66,-1.42). The GA\u2009\u2264\u200927weeks (\u03b2=-1.03 95%CI:-1.24, -0.88) was associated with lower daily-WG only during 15-28DOL. During both periods of therapy, higher cumulative-caffeine dose and presence of culture proven sepsis, tachypnea, hyponatremia, and feeding intolerance were significantly associated with lower daily-WG. Conversely, daily kcal intake was found to be linked with an increase in daily-WG in both periods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study cohort exposure to higher caffeine daily and cumulative doses is associated with lower postnatal daily-WG in PTNs than standard-daily doses, which may be due to its catabolic effects and CC-APSEs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04850-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T02:01:26Z","timestamp":1718848886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predictors for poor daily weight gain in preterm neonates exposed to different dose regimens of caffeine in ICU- a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Saeed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaz ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Bibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sundus","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maleeha","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafiz Mohammad Amir","family":"Yousuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fizzah","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Adil Mir","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Lamiya","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Bibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasif Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Salat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6287-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gul","family":"Ambreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4850_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.026","volume":"189","author":"JM Di Fiore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Di Fiore JM, Martin RJ, Gauda EB. 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