{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T01:42:26Z","timestamp":1792978946436,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ohtahara syndrome is a progressive developmental and epileptic encephalopathy that manifests in the early infantile period. This rare condition is characterized by intractable seizures, psychomotor retardation, and poor prognosis. To date, there are a handful of case reports regarding the anesthetic management of children with Ohtahara syndrome. However, limited reports exist of patients with Ohtahara syndrome who present with difficult airways. This report describes our airway findings and general anesthetic management of a pediatric patient with Ohtahara syndrome undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy for severe inspiratory stridor.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 14-month-old, 9\u00a0kg, male patient with Ohtahara syndrome presented with a year-long history of severe inspiratory stridor and was scheduled for bronchoscopy with lavage. On exam, the patient had noisy breathing, was non-verbal with developmental delay, and had poor head control with significant central hypotonia. The patient was induced with ketamine and general anesthesia was maintained with propofol. Bronchoscopic evaluation was completed uneventfully and revealed a diagnosis of laryngotracheomalacia. The patient\u2019s breathing was maintained spontaneously throughout the procedure and no seizures were noted. In the post anesthesia care unit, the patient\u2019s respiratory and cardiovascular function were stable.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This report documents the unusual finding of severe inspiratory stridor in a 14-month-old child diagnosed with Ohtahara syndrome and our anesthetic management during their diagnostic bronchoscopy. Currently, documentation of complex airway pathology present in patients with Ohtahara syndrome is limited and should be further evaluated. This will assist pediatric anesthesiologists as these patients may require careful preoperative assessment, thoughtful airway management, and surgical alternatives on standby.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04907-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T11:01:59Z","timestamp":1720177319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The anesthetic management of a child with ohtahara syndrome and severe stridor: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peymon","family":"Madi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iona","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shridevi Pandya","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4907_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00392-8","volume":"24","author":"Y Yamatogi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yamatogi Y, Ohtahara S. Early-infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-bursts, Ohtahara syndrome; its overview referring to our 16 cases. Brain Develop. 2002;24(1):13\u201323.","journal-title":"Brain Develop"},{"issue":"10","key":"4907_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2003.03415_8.x","volume":"58","author":"H Boyce","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boyce H, Satya-Krishna R. Anaesthesia in an adolescent with Ohtahara syndrome. Anaesthesia. 2003;58(10):1029.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"5","key":"4907_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711600503","volume":"116","author":"R Zoumalan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zoumalan R, Maddalozzo J, Holinger LD. Etiology of stridor in infants. 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