{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:16:39Z","timestamp":1772165799043,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["M22018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M22018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-025-05946-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T02:29:40Z","timestamp":1756348180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Significance of ultrasound combined with near-infrared spectroscopy in monitoring transfusion-associated intestinal injury in extremely preterm infants: a study protocol for a prospective, observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yahui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianqiu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"5946_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.02.046","volume":"55","author":"SM Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han SM, Hong CR, Knell J, et al. Trends in incidence and outcomes of necrotizing enterocolitis over the last 12 years: a multicenter cohort analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55:998.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"5946_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219891971","volume":"245","author":"AL Meister","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meister AL, Doheny KK, Travagli RA. Necrotizing enterocolitis: it\u2019s not all in gut. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(2):85\u201395.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"5946_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005408","volume":"364","author":"J Neu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neu J, Walker WA. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:255\u201364.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4\/5","key":"5946_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000525378","volume":"44","author":"JA Berken","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berken JA, Chang J. Neurologic consequences of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Dev Neurosci. 2022;44(4\/5):295\u2013308.","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"5946_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-018-0002-0","volume":"24","author":"N Denning","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denning N, Prince J. Neonatal intestinal dysbiosis in necrotizing enterocolitis. Mol Med. 2018;24:4.","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"5946_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-1090-4","volume":"88","author":"JH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim JH, Sampath V, Canvasser J. Challenges in diagnosing necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res. 2020;88:16\u201320.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"5946_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.10.049","author":"N Hyung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hyung N, Campwala I, Boskovic DS, et al. The relationship of red blood cell transfusion to intestinal mucosal injury in premature infants. J Pediatr Surg. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.10.049.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"5946_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.09.015","volume":"158","author":"J Blau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blau J, Calo JM, Dozor D, Sutton M, Alpan G, La Gamma EF. Transfusion related acute gut injury: necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates after packed red blood cell transfusion. J Pediatr. 2011;158:403\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5946_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.02.029","volume":"213","author":"KE Cunningham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cunningham KE, Okolo FC, Baker R, Mollen KP, Good M. Red blood cell transfusion in premature infants leads to worse necrotizing enterocolitis outcomes. J Surg Res. 2017;213:158\u201365.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"5946_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F352","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.163592","volume":"95","author":"JCR Van Hoften","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Hoften JCR, Verhagen EA, Keating P, ter Horst HJ, Bos AF. Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and extraction in preterm infants before and after blood transfusion. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010;95:F352\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"5946_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.05.009","volume":"165","author":"T Marin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marin T, Josephson CD, Kosmetatos N, Higgins M, Moore JE. Feeding preterm infants during red blood cell transfusion is associated with a decline in postprandial mesenteric oxygenation. J Pediatr. 2014;165:464-71.e461.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5946_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15254","author":"CM Arthur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arthur CM, Nalbant D, Feldman HA, et al. Anemia induces gut inflammation and injury in an animal model of preterm infants. Transfusion. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.15254.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"5946_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1204","volume":"315","author":"RM Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel RM, Knezevic A, Shenvi N, et al. Association of red blood cell transfusion, anemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low-birth-weight infants. JAMA. 2016;315:889\u201397.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"5946_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06104-w","volume":"65","author":"J Neu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neu J. Necrotizing enterocolitis: a multi-omic approach and the role of the microbiome. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(3):789\u201396.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5946_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000506866","volume":"117","author":"J Neu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neu J. Necrotizing enterocolitis: the future. Neonatology. 2020;117(2):240\u20134.","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"5946_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-022-05545-x","volume":"53","author":"LA May","year":"2023","unstructured":"May LA, Epelman M, Daneman A. Ultrasound for necrotizing enterocolitis: how can we optimize imaging and what are the most critical findings? Pediatr Radiol. 2023;53(7):1237\u201347.","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5946_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2021.0111","volume":"23","author":"G Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi G, Je BK, Kim YJ. Gastrointestinal emergency in neonates and infants: a pictorial essay. Korean J Radiol. 2022;23(1):124\u201338.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5946_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.17161\/kjm.v12i1.11707","volume":"12","author":"TS Raghuveer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raghuveer TS, Lakhotia R, Bloom BT, Desilet-Dobbs DA, Zarchan AM. Abdominal ultrasound and abdominal radiograph to diagnose necrotizing enterocolitis in extremely preterm infants. Kans J Med. 2019;12(1):24\u20137.","journal-title":"Kans J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5946_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04353-z","volume":"181","author":"Y Elsayed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elsayed Y, Seshia M. A new intestinal ultrasound integrated approach for the management of neonatal gut injury. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181(4):1739\u201349.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"5946_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04526-4","volume":"181","author":"A Cuna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cuna A, Chan S, Jones J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of a diagnostic randomized clinical trial of bowel ultrasound in infants with suspected necrotizing enterocolitis. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181(8):3211\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"5946_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173311","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1173311","volume":"11","author":"A Priyadarshi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Priyadarshi A, Rogerson S, Cruzado R, et al. Neonatologist-performed point-of-care abdominal ultrasound: what have we learned so far? Front Pediatr. 2023;11:1173311.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"5946_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-230201","volume":"17","author":"OV Ionov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ionov OV, Sharafutdinova DR, Sugak AB, et al. Efficacy of bowel ultrasound to diagnose necrotizing enterocolitis in extremely low birthweight infants. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2024;17(4):527\u201334.","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5946_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318382","volume":"106","author":"KM Alexander","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alexander KM, Chan SS, Opfer E, et al. Implementation of bowel ultrasound practice for the diagnosis and management of necrotising enterocolitis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2021;106(1):96\u2013103.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"5946_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03226-z","author":"EMW Kooi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kooi EMW, Mintzer JP, Rhee CJ, et al. Neonatal somatic oxygenation and perfusion assessment using near-infrared spectroscopy: Part of the series on near-infrared spectroscopy by the European Society of Paediatric Research Special Interest Group \u201cNear-Infrared Spectroscopy.\u201d Pediatr Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-024-03226-z.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5946_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271563","volume":"17","author":"KK Balegar V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balegar V KK, Jayawardhana M, Martin AJ, de Chazal P, Nanan RKH. Hierarchical improvement of regional tissue oxygenation after packed red blood cell transfusion. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(7): e0271563.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5946_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.624113","volume":"8","author":"LR Pavlek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pavlek LR, Mueller C, Jebbia MR, et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy in extremely preterm infants. Front Pediatr. 2021;8: 624113.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"5946_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A new intestinal ultrasound integrated approach for the management of neonatal gut injury. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181(4):1739\u201349.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04353-z"},{"issue":"5","key":"5946_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14233","volume":"175","author":"HV New","year":"2016","unstructured":"New HV, Berryman J, Bolton-Maggs PHB, et al. Guidelines on transfusion for fetuses, neonates and older children. Br J Haematol. 2016;175(5):784\u2013828.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5946_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197801000-00001","volume":"187","author":"MJ Bell","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD, et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Ann Surg. 1978;187(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"5946_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(07)80152-3","volume":"63","author":"SS Mathai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mathai SS, Raju U, Kanitkar M. Management of respiratory distress in the newborn. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2007;63:269\u201372.","journal-title":"Medical Journal Armed Forces India"},{"key":"5946_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.043","author":"RD Higgins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Higgins RD, Jobe AH, Koso-Thomas M, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Executive summary of a workshop. J Pediatr. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.043.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"5946_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80282-0","volume":"92","author":"LA Papile","year":"1978","unstructured":"Papile LA, Burstein J, Burstein R, et al. Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm. J Pediatr. 1978;92(4):529\u201334.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"5946_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2967","volume":"135","author":"J Jacob","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jacob J, Kamitsuka M, Clark RH, et al. Etiologies of NICU deaths. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e59-65.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"5946_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.08.020","volume":"6","author":"DN Granger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Granger DN, Kvietys PR. Reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species: the evolution of a concept. Redox Biol. 2015;6:524\u201351.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"5946_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-01961-9","author":"WS Kalteren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kalteren WS, Bos AF, Bergman KA, et al. The short-term effects of RBC transfusions on intestinal injury in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-022-01961-9.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"9896","key":"5946_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62197-7","volume":"382","author":"AP Vlaar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vlaar AP, Juffermans NP. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: a clinical review. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):984\u201394.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5946_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozcan B, Aydemir O, Isik DU, et al. Severe Anemia Is Associated with Intestinal Injury in Preterm Neonates. Thieme Medical Publishers, 2020(06).","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1683982"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-025-05946-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-025-05946-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-025-05946-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T06:26:06Z","timestamp":1757485566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12887-025-05946-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-025-05946-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5428549\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Science Ethics Committee of Peking University Third Hospital (Project Number: M2024531). The legal guardians of the participants provided written informed consent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"659"}}