{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:28:45Z","timestamp":1785900525671,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005760","name":"University of Gothenburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neonatal mortality remains a significant health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income settings, where respiratory distress is a major contributor to mortality. Characterizations of respiratory care practices in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), in lower-middle-income contexts in south-east Asia, are notably sparse in the literature. This study aimed to describe the management practices, morbidity, and mortality of newborns requiring respiratory support at a large level III NICU in Hanoi, Vietnam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective, descriptive observational study was conducted at Phu San Hanoi Hospital with about 35 000 births in 2023. Infants born alive, requiring respiratory support, and with a birth weight\u2009\u2265\u2009700\u00a0g were included. Data were collected from September 1 to November 30, 2023, and analysed using descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the study period 17% of infants born at the hospital were admitted to the NICU of which n=874, 52% were included in the analysis. The median gestational age was 34.6 weeks, and the median birth weight was 2,150\u00a0g. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was the leading cause of respiratory support (41%), followed by transient tachypnoea of the newborn (24%) and early-onset sepsis (13%). Non-invasive respiratory support, especially nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) (45%) and nasal intermittent positive airway pressure (NIPPV) (21%), was widely utilized, with NIPPV being more common among larger infants. Invasive mechanical ventilation was required in 23% of infants, with higher rates in lower birth weight groups. The overall mortality rate was 3%, with the highest mortality among extremely low birth weight infants (36%). Surfactant therapy was administered to 37% of infants with RDS which was also the primary indication for surfactant treatment (98%). Of all first-dose surfactant therapies, 92% were given within the first six hours after birth and 49% were administered by the INSURE (intubation-surfactant-extubation) method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides valuable insights into respiratory care practices and outcomes for infants requiring respiratory support at northern Vietnam\u2019s largest obstetrical hospital. It highlights RDS as a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and identifies opportunities to enhance non-invasive support and surfactant administration techniques, potentially reducing invasive mechanical ventilation and improving neonatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-025-06409-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T12:14:41Z","timestamp":1766405681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neonatal respiratory care in Vietnam: surfactant use and clinical practices in a large neonatal intensive care unit"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hien","family":"Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e5rten","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh Phuong Thi","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuong Thu Thi","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toan K.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linus","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh Duy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Drevhammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Alfv\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas J.","family":"Pejovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Myrnerts H\u00f6\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"6409_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4","volume":"6","author":"J Perin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perin J, Mulick A, Yeung D, Villavicencio F, Lopez G, Strong KL, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u201319: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the sustainable development goals. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2022;6:106\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4.","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"key":"6409_CR2","unstructured":"UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. https:\/\/childmortality.org\/. Accessed 30 Apr 2025."},{"key":"6409_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.79.1.26","volume":"79","author":"ME Avery","year":"1987","unstructured":"Avery ME, Tooley WH, Keller JB, Hurd SS, Bryan MH, Cotton RB, et al. Is chronic lung disease in low birth weight infants preventable? A survey of eight centers. Pediatrics. 1987;79:26\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.79.1.26.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6409_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0911783","volume":"362","author":"NN Finer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Finer NN, Carlo WA, Walsh MC. Early CPAP versus surfactant in extremely preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1970\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0911783.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6409_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072788","volume":"358","author":"CJ Morley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morley CJ, Davis PG, Doyle LW, Brion LP, Hascoet J-M, Carlin JB. Nasal CPAP or intubation at birth for very preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:700\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa072788.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"6409_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1069","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3848","volume":"128","author":"MS Dunn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dunn MS, Kaempf J, De Klerk A, De Klerk R, Reilly M, Howard D, et al. Randomized trial comparing 3 approaches to the initial respiratory management of preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e1069\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-3848.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6409_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F394","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.037010","volume":"89","author":"F Sandri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sandri F. Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airways pressure in newborns of 28\u201331 weeks gestation: multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial. Arch Dis Child-Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F394-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2003.037010.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child-Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"6409_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1351","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1880","volume":"132","author":"HS Fischer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fischer HS, B\u00fchrer C. Avoiding endotracheal ventilation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e1351-60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-1880.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"6409_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5980","volume":"347","author":"GM Schmolzer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schmolzer GM, Kumar M, Pichler G, Aziz K, O\u2019Reilly M, Cheung P-Y. Non-invasive versus invasive respiratory support in preterm infants at birth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;347(3):f5980\u20135980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f5980.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6409_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000528914","volume":"120","author":"DG Sweet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sweet DG, Carnielli VP, Greisen G, Hallman M, Klebermass-Schrehof K, Ozek E, et al. European consensus guidelines on the management of respiratory distress syndrome: 2022 update. Neonatology. 2023;120:3\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000528914.","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"6409_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3443","volume":"133","author":"RA Polin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polin RA, Carlo WA, COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN, Papile L-A, Polin RA, Carlo W, et al. Surfactant replacement therapy for preterm and term neonates with respiratory distress. Pediatrics. 2014;133:156\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-3443.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6409_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07720","volume":"65","author":"CR Wheeler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wheeler CR, Smallwood CD. 2019 year in review: neonatal respiratory support. Respir Care. 2020;65:693\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.07720.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"6409_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0510","volume":"169","author":"T Isayama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isayama T, Chai-Adisaksopha C, McDonald SD. Noninvasive ventilation with vs without early surfactant to prevent chronic lung disease in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0510.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"6409_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1115","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2426","volume":"121","author":"L Qian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Qian L, Liu C, Zhuang W, Guo Y, Yu J, Chen H, et al. Neonatal respiratory failure: A 12-Month clinical epidemiologic study from 2004 to 2005 in China. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e1115\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-2426.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6409_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04741-y","volume":"24","author":"N Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang N, Lu K-Y, Jiang S-Y, Wu H-W, Cheng R, Pan Z-J, et al. The current clinical landscape of neonatal respiratory failure in Jiangsu Province of China: patient demographics, NICU treatment interventions, and patient outcomes. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24:272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04741-y.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"6409_CR16","volume-title":"Of the preterm or low-birth-weight infant","author":"WHO recommendations for care","year":"2022","unstructured":"WHO recommendations for care. Of the preterm or low-birth-weight infant. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"key":"6409_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/children9030321","volume":"9","author":"T Dempsey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dempsey T, Nguyen HL, Nguyen HT, Bui XA, Pham PTT, Nguyen TK, et al. Incidence of Intrapartum-Related events at the largest obstetric hospital in Hanoi, vietnam: a retrospective study. Children. 2022;9:321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9030321.","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"6409_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2022.100338","volume":"12","author":"T Dempsey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dempsey T, Nguyen HT, Nguyen HL, Bui XA, Pham PTT, Nguyen TK, et al. Endotracheal intubation performance at a large obstetric hospital delivery room, Hanoi, Vietnam. Resusc Plus. 2022;12:100338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resplu.2022.100338.","journal-title":"Resusc Plus"},{"key":"6409_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F535","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315838","volume":"104","author":"EA Green","year":"2019","unstructured":"Green EA, Dawson JA, Davis PG, De Paoli AG, Roberts CT. Assessment of resistance of nasal continuous positive airway pressure interfaces. Arch Dis Child-Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2019;104:F535-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315838.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child-Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"6409_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)34975-6","volume":"33","author":"MC Walsh","year":"1986","unstructured":"Walsh MC, Kliegman RM. Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1986;33:179\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)34975-6.","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"6409_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volpe JJ. Intracranial hemorrhage: germinal matrixintraventricular hemorrhage. In: Neurology of the Newborn. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008:517\u2013588.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-3995-2.10011-1"},{"key":"6409_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3758","volume":"137","author":"JJ Cummings","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cummings JJ, Polin RA, Watterberg KL, Poindexter B, Cummings JJ, et al. Noninvasive respiratory support. Pediatrics. 2016;137:e20153758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-3758.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6409_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000527641","volume":"120","author":"M Norman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Norman M, Jonsson B, S\u00f6derling J, Bj\u00f6rklund LJ, H\u00e5kansson S. Patterns of respiratory support by gestational age in very preterm infants. Neonatology. 2023;120:142\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000527641.","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"6409_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2021","volume":"321","author":"M Norman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norman M, Hallberg B, Abrahamsson T, Bj\u00f6rklund LJ, Domell\u00f6f M, Farooqi A, et al. Association between year of birth and 1-year survival among extremely preterm infants in Sweden during 2004\u20132007 and 2014\u20132016. JAMA. 2019;321:1188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.2021.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6409_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12222","volume":"8","author":"AD Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen AD, Duong GTT, Do DT, Nguyen DT, Tran DA, Phan TTH, et al. Primary cesarean section rate among full-term pregnant women with non-previous uterine scar in a hospital of Vietnam. Heliyon. 2022;8:e12222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12222.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"6409_CR26","unstructured":"Skogsdal Y, Conner P, Elvander C, Hed C, Ageheim M, Algovik M, Petersson K, Bjelke M,Granfors M, Svanvik T. The Swedish pregnancy register: annual report. 2023. https:\/\/graviditetsregistret.se. Accessed 30 May 2025."},{"key":"6409_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61870-5","volume":"375","author":"P Lumbiganon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M, G\u00fclmezoglu AM, Souza JP, Taneepanichskul S, Ruyan P, et al. Method of delivery and pregnancy outcomes in Asia: the WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health 2007\u201308. Lancet. 2010;375:490\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61870-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6409_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e577","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0314","volume":"125","author":"E Tutdibi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tutdibi E, Gries K, B\u00fccheler M, Misselwitz B, Schlosser RL, Gortner L. Impact of labor on outcomes in transient tachypnea of the newborn: population-based study. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e577-83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-0314.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6409_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05208-7","volume":"300","author":"Y Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhang C, Zhang D. Cesarean section and the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2019;300:503\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-019-05208-7.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"6409_CR30","unstructured":"Norman M, H\u00e5kansson S. Swedish neonatal quality register annual report 2022 and 2023. https:\/\/www.medscinet.com\/snq\/. Accessed 30 May 2025."},{"key":"6409_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.12.013","volume":"88","author":"G Natarajan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Natarajan G, Pappas A, Shankaran S, Kendrick DE, Das A, Higgins RD, et al. Outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: impact of the physiologic definition. Early Hum Dev. 2012;88:509\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.12.013.","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"6409_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e217269","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.7269","volume":"4","author":"P Challis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Challis P, Nydert P, H\u00e5kansson S, Norman M. Association of adherence to surfactant best practice uses with clinical outcomes among neonates in Sweden. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e217269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.7269.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"6409_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001754","volume":"7","author":"SP Bae","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bae SP, Hahn W-H, Park S, Jung YH, Park JY, Oh KJ, et al. Effects of antenatal corticosteroids on neonatal outcomes in twin and singleton pregnancies: a Korean National cohort study. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2023;7:e001754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001754.","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"6409_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01273-6","volume":"42","author":"HM Weydig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weydig HM, Rosenfeld CR, Wyckoff MH, Jaleel MA, Burchfield PJ, Thomas A, et al. Association of antenatal steroids with surfactant administration in moderate preterm infants born to women with diabetes mellitus and\/or hypertension. J Perinatol. 2022;42:993\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-021-01273-6.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"6409_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2022.04.002","volume":"43","author":"L Boel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boel L, Hixson T, Brown L, Sage J, Kotecha S, Chakraborty M. Non-invasive respiratory support in preterm infants. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2022;43:53\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prrv.2022.04.002.","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"6409_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610024167-part06-clinical_report_premedication","volume-title":"Neonatal Care: A Compendium of AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies","author":"P Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar P, Denson SE, Mancuso TJ, COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN, SECTION ON ANESTHESIOLOGY, AND PAIN MEDICINE. Clinical Report\u2014Premedication for Nonemergency Endotracheal Intubation in the Neonate. In: Neonatal Care: A Compendium of AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies. 3rd edition. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2010. p. 608\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/9781610024167-part06-clinical_report_premedication.","edition":"3rd edition"},{"key":"6409_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdel-Latif ME, Davis PG, Wheeler KI, De Paoli AG, Dargaville PA. Surfactant therapy via thin catheter in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011672.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011672.pub2"},{"key":"6409_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-316967","author":"CHT Do","year":"2019","unstructured":"Do CHT, Kruse AY, Wills B, Sabanathan S, Clapham H, Pedersen FK, et al. Neurodevelopment at 2 years corrected age among Vietnamese preterm infants. Arch Dis Child. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2019-316967. :archdischild-2019-316967.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"6409_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16316","volume":"111","author":"E Morsing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morsing E, Lundgren P, H\u00e5rd A, Rakow A, Hellstr\u00f6m-Westas L, Jacobson L, et al. Neurodevelopmental disorders and somatic diagnoses in a National cohort of children born before 24 weeks of gestation. Acta Paediatr. 2022;111:1167\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.16316.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"6409_CR40","unstructured":"World Bank Data. World Bank Group. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=CN-VN. Accessed 24 Jan 2025."},{"key":"6409_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14823","volume":"108","author":"M Norman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norman M, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n K, Wahlstr\u00f6m E, H\u00e5kansson S, The SNQ Collaboration. The Swedish neonatal quality register \u2013 contents, completeness and validity. Acta Paediatr. 2019;108:1411\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.14823.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"6409_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e082712","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082712","volume":"14","author":"T Isayama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Isayama T, Miyake F, Rohsiswatmo R, Dewi R, Ozawa Y, Tomotaki S, et al. Asian neonatal network collaboration (AsianNeo): a study protocol for international collaborative comparisons of health services and outcomes to improve quality of care for sick newborn infants in Asia \u2013 survey, cohort and quality improvement studies. BMJ Open. 2024;14:e082712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082712.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6409_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21972","volume":"333","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Medical Association. World medical association declaration of helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human participants. JAMA. 2025;333:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.21972.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6409_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research involving Humans. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56759\/rgxl7405","DOI":"10.56759\/rgxl7405"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-025-06409-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-025-06409-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-025-06409-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:34:48Z","timestamp":1781624088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12887-025-06409-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-025-06409-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Council in Biomedical Research at Phu San Hanoi Hospital (2091 CN\/PS), which specifically authorized the use of an opt-out consent procedure, and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and CIOMS Ethical Guidelines [\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ]. Approval for data management was also granted by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (2023-04610-01).Because the study was non-interventional, involved no deviation from routine clinical care, posed no additional risk, and relied solely on secondary data obtained from medical records, written informed consent from all caregivers was deemed impracticable given the large patient volume. In accordance with the ethics committee approval, parents or legal guardians of participants who were minors received verbal and written information in Vietnamese and were informed that health-related data would be used unless they actively declined participation through the informed opt-out consent procedure. Caregivers were clearly informed that participation was voluntary and that they could decline or withdraw their child\u2019s data at any time without any consequences. Data were included only for patients whose parents or legal guardians did not opt out [\n                      \n                      ].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"91"}}