{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:05:10Z","timestamp":1784077510993,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unintentional exposures to household cleaning products remain a common cause of pediatric poison center calls in the United States, particularly among children under six. Most exposures involve toddlers and rarely result in severe outcomes. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on exposure patterns has not been well characterized. This study evaluates trends in pediatric exposures from 2016 to 2023, with a focus on changes in 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of unintentional exposures to household cleaning products reported to the National Poison Data System from 2016 to 2023 among children aged 0\u20135 years. Product types were grouped into 14 chemical categories. Descriptive statistics summarized exposure patterns, and interrupted time series analysis using segmented Poisson regression evaluated immediate and post-2020 changes in annual exposure trends associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 633,317 unique exposures met inclusion criteria. Most involved children younger than 3 years (84.1%) and occurred at home (97.2%), with 87.7% managed on site. Significant clinical effects occurred in 2.7% of exposures with known outcomes. Soap and bleach products were the most frequent exposures, while alkali-based cleaners accounted for the highest number of moderate or more severe medical outcomes. Interrupted time series analysis demonstrated that several chemical classes experienced significant increases in exposures in 2020, most notably pine oil cleaners, bleach, soaps, and cationic cleaners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric exposures to household cleaning products remain common but showed an overall declining trend from 2016 to 2023, largely driven by decreases observed in alcohols\/glycols, alkali, bleach, laundry, dishwasher, and soap products. Transient increases in exposures occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly for soaps, bleach, cationic cleaners, and pine oil products. Although severe outcomes were uncommon, alkali-based products posed the greatest risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-026-07010-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T12:34:23Z","timestamp":1779366863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in pediatric household cleaning product exposures before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national poison data system analysis (2016\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kayla J.","family":"Kendric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timur S.","family":"Durrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"7010_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2025.2571299","volume":"63","author":"MC Beuhler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beuhler MC, Feldman R, Gummin DD, et al. 2024 Annual report of the National Poison Data System\u00ae (NPDS) from America\u2019s Poison Centers\u00ae: 42nd annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2025;63(12):1029\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15563650.2025.2571299.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7010_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E154","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190819","volume":"192","author":"J Parks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parks J, McCandless L, Dharma C, et al. Association of use of cleaning products with respiratory health in a Canadian birth cohort. Can Med Assoc J. 2020;192(7):E154\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.190819.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"9","key":"7010_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-104086","volume":"74","author":"T Weinmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weinmann T, Gerlich J, Heinrich S, et al. Association of household cleaning agents and disinfectants with asthma in young German adults. Occup Environ Med. 2017;74(9):684\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2016-104086.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"7010_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00487.x","volume":"18","author":"M Nickmilder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nickmilder M, Carbonnelle S, Bernard A. House cleaning with chlorine bleach and the risks of allergic and respiratory diseases in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(1):27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00487.x.","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7010_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-023-00384-4","volume":"18","author":"A Pacini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pacini A, Tsutaoka B, Lai L, Durrani TS. Unintentional pediatric exposures to household cleaning products: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Poison Data System (2000\u20132015). J Occup Med Toxicol Lond Engl. 2023;18(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12995-023-00384-4.","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol Lond Engl"},{"issue":"6","key":"7010_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2021.05.026","volume":"62","author":"CW Yen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yen CW, Lee EP, Cheng SC, Hsia SH, Huang JL, Lee J. Household cleaning products poisoning in a pediatric emergency center: A 10- year cross-sectional study and literature review. Pediatr Neonatol. 2021;62(6):638\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedneo.2021.05.026.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7010_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3392","volume":"126","author":"LB McKenzie","year":"2010","unstructured":"McKenzie LB, Ahir N, Stolz U, Nelson NG. Household Cleaning Product-Related Injuries Treated in US Emergency Departments in 1990\u20132006. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):509\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-3392.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"7010_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3551","volume":"122","author":"RL Franklin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Franklin RL, Rodgers GB. Unintentional Child Poisonings Treated in United States Hospital Emergency Departments: National Estimates of Incident Cases, Population-Based Poisoning Rates, and Product Involvement. Pediatrics. 2008;122(6):1244\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2007-3551.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"7010_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang A. Cleaning and Disinfectant Chemical Exposures and Temporal Associations with COVID-19 \u2014 National Poison Data System, United States, January 1, 2020\u2013March 31, 2020 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6916e1.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6916e1"},{"key":"7010_CR10","unstructured":"NPDS Coding User Manual. June. pdf.https:\/\/www.npds.us\/Help\/NPDS%20Coding%20User%20Manual%20(June%202023).pdf. Accessed 29 May 2025."},{"key":"7010_CR11","unstructured":"UCSF IRB Not Human Subjects Research. Human Research Protection Program (HRPP). 2025. https:\/\/irb.ucsf.edu\/not-human-subjects-research.\u00a0Accessed 17 Mar 2026."},{"issue":"11","key":"7010_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2023.2287977","volume":"61","author":"AM Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang AM, Smith GA, Casavant MJ, Kistamgari S, Gaw CE. Longitudinal trends in liquid laundry detergent packet exposures: 2014\u20132022. Clin Toxicol. 2023;61(11):990\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15563650.2023.2287977.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7010_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0057","volume":"134","author":"AL Valdez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Valdez AL, Casavant MJ, Spiller HA, Chounthirath T, Xiang H, Smith GA. Pediatric exposure to laundry detergent pods. Pediatrics. 2014;134(6):1127\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-0057.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"7010_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davis MG, Casavant MJ, Spiller HA, Chounthirath T, Smith GA. Pediatric Exposures to Laundry and Dishwasher Detergents in the United States: 2013\u20132014. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-4529.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4529"},{"issue":"1","key":"7010_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.41.1.03","volume":"1","author":"A Yasseen Iii","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yasseen Iii A, Weiss D, Remer S, et al. Increases in exposure calls related to selected cleaners and disinfectants at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: data from Canadian poison centres. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2021;1(1):25\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24095\/hpcdp.41.1.03.","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"issue":"6","key":"7010_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30095-5","volume":"5","author":"G Le Roux","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Roux G, Sinno-Tellier S, Descatha A. COVID-19: home poisoning throughout the containment period. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(6):e314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30095-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07010-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07010-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07010-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:42:14Z","timestamp":1784076134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07010-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07010-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8673759\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All data were de-identified, and the study was determined to be not human research by the University of California, San Francisco Institutional Review Board. As such, informed consent to participate, including parental or legal guardian consent for participants, was not required. Self-certification form for not human research included with submission.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"658"}}