{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:48:32Z","timestamp":1791478112493,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":65,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Sichuan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Project No: 2023NSFSC1469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No: 2023NSFSC1469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adenovirus (AdV), influenza A virus (FluA), influenza B virus (FluB), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MP) are the primary pathogens causing acute respiratory infections in children. However, comprehensive and multifactorial analyses of their epidemiological features, such as seasonality and age specificity, remain limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of 68,982 children (aged 0\u201318 years) with acute respiratory infections who underwent multiplex PCR testing at Chengdu Women and Children\u2019s Central Hospital between March 1, 2023, and February 28, 2025. Single-pathogen positivity rates were compared using Pearson\u2019s chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between age group, season, sex, and care setting and pathogen detection, reporting adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with adolescence, autumn, female sex, and inpatient status as reference categories. Co-infection patterns were analyzed by constructing a network based on pairwise co-detection frequencies, calculating node degrees and edge weights to identify predominant mixed-infection combinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall PCR positivity was 53.1% (36,677\/68,982). The positivity rate increased from 38.8% in infants to 63.5% in school-aged children (\u03c7\u00b2 = 2276.7;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Among all pathogens, RV remained common across all age groups, with an overall positivity rate of 18.1%. Compared to adolescents, infants had significantly higher odds of RSV detection (OR\u2009=\u20097.82; 95% CI 5.53\u201311.04); school-aged children had higher odds of MP detection (OR\u2009=\u20092.82; 95% CI 2.39\u20133.32). Males exhibited slightly higher overall positivity than females (53.6% vs. 52.6%; \u03c7\u00b2 = 7.41;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007). Positivity was higher in winter and autumn than in summer (58.1% vs. 46.6%; \u03c7\u00b2 = 628.6;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Outpatients had higher positivity rates than inpatients (63.2% vs. 51.1%; \u03c7\u00b2 = 586.7;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Seasonal analysis showed that AdV peaked in summer (OR\u2009=\u20091.46; 95% CI 1.38\u20131.55); RV peaked in autumn and spring (summer OR\u2009=\u20090.62; 95% CI 0.59\u20130.65); MP peaked in autumn; and RSV and influenza B virus peaked in winter (RSV OR\u2009=\u20092.82; 95% CI 2.63\u20133.03; FluB OR\u2009=\u20094.70; 95% CI 3.94\u20135.60). Co-infection analysis revealed that the most common co-infection pattern was RV\u2009+\u2009MP, with 1,009 cases identified in hospitalized patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age, season, and care setting significantly affect pediatric respiratory pathogen detection. These findings may inform targeted public health surveillance and respiratory infection prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-026-07063-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:47:13Z","timestamp":1780480033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological characteristics and seasonal dynamics of six respiratory pathogens in children: a 2-year retrospective cross-sectional study in Chengdu, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hongjia","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"7063_CR1","unstructured":"Pneumonia. in children. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/pneumonia. Accessed 29 Apr 2025."},{"key":"7063_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00430-4","volume":"25","author":"SB Sirota","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sirota SB, Doxey MC, Dominguez R-MV, Bender RG, Vongpradith A, Albertson SB, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections and otitis media, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025;25:36\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00430-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"7063_CR3","unstructured":"The top 10 causes of death. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death. Accessed 29 Apr 2025."},{"key":"7063_CR4","unstructured":"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/respiratory-syncytial-virus-(rsv). 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BMC Pulm Med. 2022;22:212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-022-02005-y.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07063-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07063-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07063-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:42:24Z","timestamp":1786063344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07063-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07063-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Chengdu Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Central Hospital (which serves as the Institutional Review Board, IRB) (Approval No.: 2025\u301477\u3015). The requirement for written informed consent was also waived by the same Ethics Committee (Chengdu Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Central Hospital) in accordance with Chinese national regulations for retrospective studies using de-identified data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"718"}}